电影发展史英文版

A. 帮忙找电影发展史的英语版本，万分感谢

History of Motion Pictures
I INTRODUCTION

History of Motion Pictures, historical development of the visual medium known as motion pictures, film, cinema, or the movies. This article covers the medium’s history as a technology, as a business, as an art form, and as a means of delivering entertainment and information to audiences in theaters and at home. It discusses major filmmakers and their films, principal fiction and nonfiction genres, and film instries in the United States and throughout the world. For more information on the technical aspects involved in creating a film, see Motion Picture.

II ORIGINS

In the early 19th century scientists took note of a visual phenomenon: A sequence of indivial still pictures, when set in motion, can give the illusion of movement. These scientists attributed this experience to what they called persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. The eye’s retention of a visual image, now known as positive afterimage, has long been considered a founding principle of motion pictures, even though its relationship to the perception of motion is still not well understood.

A Early Experiments

The persistence of vision concept stimulated experimentation with motion-picture devices throughout the 19th century. Among the first such devices was a slotted disk with a sequence of drawings around its perimeter. When a person spun the disk in front of a mirror and looked through the slots, the drawings appeared to move. The zoetrope, a device developed in the 1830s, was a hollow drum with a strip of pictures around its inner surface. When spun, it proced the same effect. In the 1870s French inventor Émile Reynaud improved on this idea by placing mirrors at the center of the drum. A few years later he developed a projecting version, using a reflector and a lens to enlarge the moving images. In 1892 he began holding public screenings in Paris at his Théâtre Optique, with hundreds of drawings on a reel that he wound through his apparatus to construct moving images that continued for 15 minutes.

Inventors began to conceive of combining the principles of these moving-image devices with the photographic recording of actual movement soon after the development of still photography in the 1830s. The most famous experiment occurred in the 1870s in California, where railroad tycoon Leland Stanford hired British photographer Eadweard Muybridge to settle a bet on whether a galloping horse ever had all four feet off the ground. Muybridge set up 12 cameras along a racetrack and spread threads across the track with a contact to each camera’s shutter. Moving along the track, the horse broke the threads and caused a sequence of photographs to be taken. The photos showed the horse with all four feet off the ground, and Muybridge went on a lecture tour showing his photographs on a moving-image device he called the zoopraxiscope.

Muybridge’s endeavors stimulated French scientist Étienne-Jules Marey to devise equipment for recording and analyzing animal and human movement. He built what he called a chronophotographic camera that could take multiple images superimposed on one another. His work was aided in turn by developments in photographic materials. In 1885 American inventor George Eastman introced sensitized paper roll “film” in place of the indivial glass plates then in use. In 1889 Eastman replaced the paper roll with celluloid, a synthetic plastic material coated with a gelatin emulsion.

B Thomas Alva Edison and William K. L. Dickson

Legendary American inventor Thomas Alva Edison drew upon the work of Muybridge, Marey, and Eastman when he turned his attention to motion pictures in the late 1880s. In his laboratories in West Orange, New Jersey, Edison assigned to a British employee, William K. L. Dickson, the task of constructing a machine for recording actual movement on film and another machine for viewing the resulting images. By 1891 Dickson had proced a motion-picture camera, called the Kinetograph, and a viewing machine, bbed the Kinetoscope.

The Kinetograph was operated by an electric motor that moved the celluloid film roll past the camera lens. Motor-driven cameras, which were bulky and stationary, were soon replaced by movable hand-cranked cameras. Dickson’s key contribution was a sprocket mechanism linked to the camera’s shutter, which momentarily stopped the film roll for each exposure. These separate still photographic images came to be called frames. Early cameras used a number of different speeds for exposing frames, but by the advent of sound film in the late 1920s the standard had become 24 frames per second.

In early 1893 Edison constructed a motion-picture studio on his laboratory grounds, bbed the Black Maria by his staff who thought it resembled police patrol wagons known by that nickname. On May 9, 1893, he held the first public exhibition of films shot using the Kinetograph in the Black Maria. But only one person at a time could use his viewing machine, the Kinetoscope. This boxlike structure contained a motor-and-shutter mechanism similar to the camera’s. It ran a loop of positive film past an electric light source, illuminating a tiny image, which the viewer observed through a small window. Kinetoscope viewing parlors containing many machines for indivial viewing began to open in cities in 1894. Edison and Dickson apparently gave little thought to a single machine that could project moving images to a large audience, something Reynaud had achieved in his Théâtre Optique. Reynaud, however, had displayed drawings rather than images photographed by a motion-picture camera.

C The Lumière Brothers

In France, the brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière, who ran a factory in Lyons that manufactured photographic equipment, sought to improve on Edison’s accomplishment. By 1895 they developed a lightweight, hand-held camera that used a claw mechanism to advance the film roll. They named it the Cinématographe, and they soon discovered that it could also be used to show large images on a screen, when linked with projecting equipment. Throughout 1895 they shot films and projected them for select groups. Their first screening for the general public was held in Paris in December 1895.

Elsewhere other inventors were also busy. In Germany, the brothers Emil and Max Skladanowsky devised an apparatus and projected films in Berlin in November 1895. In Britain, a machine developed by Birt Acres and Robert W. Paul was used to project films in London in January 1896. In the United States, a projector called the Vitascope was constructed around the same time by Charles Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat. Armat then entered into a commercial alliance with Edison to manufacture the Vitascope, and the device exhibited projected motion pictures in New York City in April 1896.

The Lumière brothers held a unique place among all these simultaneous efforts, since they were innovative filmmakers as well as inventors and manufacturers. The many films they made ring 1895 and 1896, though very short, are considered pivotal in the history of motion pictures. Arroseur et arrosé (Waterer and Watered, 1896), a brief comedy drawn from a newspaper cartoon, shows a gardener getting drenched with a hose as the result of a boy’s prank. La sortie de l’usine Lumière à Lyon (Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory, 1895) and Arrivée d’un train en gare (Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat, 1896), which shows a train coming to a station and passengers getting off, were among the so-called actuality films—films that depicted actual events rather than a story told by actors—for which the Lumières became noted.

III ONE-REELERS

During the decade following the advent of projected motion pictures, films were shown as part of vaudeville or variety programs, at carnivals and fairgrounds, in lecture halls and churches, and graally in spaces converted for the exclusive exhibition of movies. Most films ran no longer than 10 to 12 minutes, which reflected the amount of film that could be wound on a standard reel for projection (hence the term one-reelers). Many were comedies or actualities, following the Lumière brothers’ example. Their purpose was spectacle—to show something astounding, unusual, titillating, or perhaps newsworthy. But filmmakers also struck out in new directions, especially toward fantasy and narrative.

French magician and filmmaker Georges Méliès was the outstanding creator of fantasy films in early cinema. Méliès exploited the new medium to enhance his magic acts through techniques such as stop-motion photography—interrupting the camera’s action and moving or substituting people and objects—so that, for example, a woman appeared to turn into a skeleton. He created elaborate backdrops with multiple scenes and costume changes for these so-called trick films that were widely emulated by other filmmakers. Of the hundreds of works he made between 1896 and 1912, perhaps the best-known is Le voyage dans la lune (A Trip to the Moon, 1902), which in one scene features the animated human face of the moon being struck in the eye by a rocket.

In the United States, a former projectionist and traveling exhibitor, Edwin S. Porter, took charge of motion-picture proction at Edison’s company in 1901 and began making longer films that told a story. As with Méliès’s films, these required multiple shots that could be edited into a narrative sequence. Porter’s most notable film—and the most famous work of early cinema—was The Great Train Robbery (1903), which is credited with establishing movies as a commercial entertainment medium. With its rapid shifts of location, including action on a moving train, this film offered spectators a breadth and immediacy of vision that became hallmarks of the cinema experience.

Spurred by The Great Train Robbery and subsequent story films, film exhibition greatly expanded in the United States around 1905. One phenomenon was the proliferation of nickelodeon theaters, converted storefronts in instrial cities that charged 5 cents for admission and attracted working-class audiences. Demand from these theaters increased the volume of film proction and the profits for procers, but it also brought forth criticism from reformers concerning unsanitary or unsafe conditions in theaters and immoral subject matter in films. In 1908 Edison took the lead in establishing the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), a consortium of procers with common goals: controlling proction and distribution so as to eliminate cheap theaters, raising admission prices, cooperating with censorship bodies, and preventing film stock from getting into the hands of nonmember procers. However, the independent procers excluded from the MPPC continued to obtain materials and make the most popular films. They also led the way toward multireel, feature-length films. By 1915 the MPPC was under attack by the U.S. government as an illegal monopoly (although an ineffectual one), and the independents were combining into the companies that would dominate American filmmaking for decades to come.

IV SILENT MOVIES

With a few experimental exceptions, motion pictures from their earliest days until the late 1920s lacked synchronous sound (sound that matches the action). But silent movies were rarely silent. Early films almost always were projected with piano or organ accompaniment, and sometimes also with a narrator or live actors behind the screen. As feature-length films (four reels, with a running time of 40 to 50 minutes or more) became the norm in the 1910s, live orchestras began to play in larger theaters, frequently using music written specifically for the film.

Until World War I (1914-1918) European filmmakers dominated the world film market. France was considered the leading film-procing country, though Italy, Denmark, and other countries also played a significant role. However, the war, fought on European soil, disrupted commercial filmmaking there. With a sudden drop in European film exports, some regions, such as Latin America, experienced a brief surge in film proction. But U.S. companies soon took over markets overseas, using the same tactics of high-volume proction and lower prices that the Europeans had. By the 1920s some three-quarters of films screened around the world came from the United States.

A American Silent Movies

Even before the war, the United States had made its mark on the world filmmaking scene with epics and comedies. Moreover, U.S. moviemakers had begun to congregate in southern California in the Los Angeles suburb of Hollywood (see The Move to Hollywood, below), creating a film community apart from older urban centers of politics and the arts, and a magical new symbol for popular entertainment and glamour.

A1 D. W. Griffith

The work of D. W. Griffith exemplifies the transformation of motion pictures from the early days of one-reelers to an era of Hollywood’s worldwide dominance. Starting out as an actor in films directed by Edwin S. Porter, Griffith in 1908 became a director at the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in New York City. He was initially responsible for turning out two one-reel films a week, and between 1908 and 1913 he directed nearly 500 films. Amidst this breakneck schele, he and his co-workers developed many of the cinema’s basic storytelling conventions: moving the camera close to the action, using many separate shots, and editing the shots to cut back and forth among different actions. All these techniques served to shape a narrative, rather than present a spectacle as earlier films had tended to do. Griffith also nurtured performers such as Mary Pickford and Lillian Gish and emphasized an intimate, restrained style of acting suitable for camera close-ups.

Leaving Biograph in 1913 to make full-length features, Griffith planned a historical epic of the American Civil War (1861-1865). The Birth of a Nation (1915), three hours in length, stunned audiences with its dazzling spectacle of a still-recent event and established motion pictures as an art form for cultured spectators. Yet the film’s racist presumptions—specifically, its defense of white supremacy to protect racial purity—was controversial in its own time and remains repugnant decades later. Griffith made another epic, Intolerance (1916), which intertwined four stories about victims of prejudice, and continued to work as an independent filmmaker into the 1920s. Eventually, financial pressures forced him to become a director at a Hollywood studio, and he made his last film in 1931.

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B. 中国电影的历史 最好有英文版的.急!大家帮帮忙,谢谢了!

中国电影的开端(1896-1921)
1896年,卢米尔兄弟雇用了二十个助手前往五大洲去放映电影。在西方商人扩大市场商业策略推动下,传入了中国。随后,很多欧美商人见中国的放映业有利可图,纷纷来华投资。在此期间，虽然外商在中国电影市场占据了垄断地位,但亦阻止不了我国电影活动的开始。中国电影一开始,就和中国传统的戏曲和说唱艺术结合起来,发展出一套独特的电影类型。此外,他们也开始拍摄剧情短片和长片,对电影这种艺术作最初步的探索和尝试。
中国电影的发展时期(1922-1926)
第一次世界大战之后,一度繁荣的民族资本工业,在国内军阀混战和帝国主义的入侵下,再度失控。在这个情况下,民族资本急于寻投资的出路,电影的投资为它们带来了生机。他们扭转以往将电影视为游戏业的观念,认为电影是一种"将要成为一股普及全世界的"文化企业"。他们开办的电影公司当中，虽然许多都是"一片"公司,甚至一部电影也没有拍成。但是众多公司的出现,造就中国电影的第一个"繁盛时期"。在商业投资的背下,拥有不同艺术主张和制片方向的电影流派纷纷涌现,聚集在不同的电影公司中。其中最有影响力的有以下几家:以文人气质为特色的民新公司;以人情伦理、潜移默化为主导的神州公司;刻意追求画面视觉效果的上海影戏公司;以"欧化"为主要特徵的大中华百合公司;对旧文化和传统有特殊偏好的天一公司,以及影响极大,以通俗社会片为特色的明星公司;这些电影公司虽然在创作主张上分开流派,但是在创作重点上则由过去的短片制作转移到长片制作上。而且这几家公司也初具规模,形成了一个在制片、发行和放映上渐有系统的电影工业。
中国电影的危机时期(1927-1930)
1927年发生的4.12政变,北伐战争失败,国共合作破裂。时局骤变的情况之下,中国电影界的方向亦发生改变,陷入危机。1928年明星公司摄制《火烧红莲寺》在商业上获得成功。这部影片是根据平江不肖生所着著的"江湖奇侠传"改编摄制而成的,同年5月公映。明星公司也"不料一出之后,远近轰动。于是一集一集地续拍下去,竟达十八集之多。当其他公司发现武侠片不但能迎合大众市场,而且也受南洋片商欢迎的时候。纷纷开拍"神怪片"和"武侠片",.代替了曾经风靡一时的"古装片"和"爱情片"。此后，"联华"主张的"复兴国片"运动,宗旨是"改革神怪、迷信、凶恶、打杀之国片作风","提倡艺术、宣扬文化、启发民智、挽救影业"，其拍摄的电影多为“新派电影”。
左翼电影运动(1932-1937)
中国左翼电影运动是中国左翼文化运动的一个延伸和发展。1931年9.18事变和1932年1.28事变爆发之后,促醒了民族意识,很多电影观众对电影界的神怪武侠片泛滥的不满,提出"猛醒救国"。通过一系列的活动，左翼电影工作者已开始可以在电影制作和观影意识上影响着中国电影的发展。1933年3月,中共史央文委成立以沈端先为组长的电影小组。同年,估计各电影公司总共制作的70馀部电影中,具有左翼思想和进步倾向的约占了三分之二。所以这一年又被称"中国电影年"。此期间偏重于拍摄直接触机社会问题的电影。整个左翼电影运动的时期的电影,是真实地反映当时社会动荡不安的局面,鼓励了抗日运动,是中国现实主义电影的延续。
中国抗战电影(1937-1945)
抗日战争的爆发,使中国的电影基地上海的大部份电影公司遭到破坏而停止运作,中国电影的格局发生明显变化。随着电影人的分散和聚合,重聚于国民党统治区内的武汉和重庆、南下香港、或继续留在上海,避入上海的"孤岛"中继续从事电影创作。抗日战争爆发后,上海电影戏剧工作者首先成立救亡组织,拍摄抗战电影。到内地进行抗日宣传。拍摄一系列抗战新闻和记录片。而且这些电影人还在1938年1月组成了中华全国电影界抗敌协会,使电影界的目标和方向更清晰明确。1937至1941年间,"孤岛"中先后出现的制片公司竟多达20多家。出产的影片的达240部左右。其大多是粗制滥造的"古装片",只有少数像《木兰从军》、《花溅泪》、《乱世风光》、《孔夫子》等是制作认真、宣传文族大义的影片。1938年秋,在周恩来和和荷兰著名电影大师约里斯.伊文思的策划和协助下成立延安电影团。在胶片、器材缺乏下,电影团仍然深入敌后战斗前线,拍摄新闻片、记录片和故事片共20多部。其中较著名的有《南泥湾》、《白求恩大夫》、《延安与八路军》等。1939年延安成立放映队。1945年,新四军和华中根据地也开始有电影活动,主要是拍摄一些新闻和记录片。
战后的中国电影(1946-1949)
1945年8月15日,虽然日本宣布无条件投降,结束了八年抗日战争,但是国共两党的内战旋即展开,社会依然动荡不安。电影企业划分为解放区、国民政府、民营三类。民营电影企业方面,最重要的两家是昆仑和文华。昆仑的作品之中,以宏大气魄的电影史诗和忠于现实主义的影片最为著名。前者的代表作有《一江春水向东流》、《八千里路云和月》这样的叙事史诗;后者有"万家灯火","青山翠谷"这样的现实美学佳作。"文华影业公司"制作的电影多是将人的描述成为主体,战争往往会被推到后景。其中代表作有费穆的《小城之春》,岳峰,陈翼青的"巫山梦回"等。在解放区内, 拍摄的电影类型是以故事片、美术片、科教片、译制片等等。1949年4月，东影开始着手拍摄新中国的第一部电影《桥》。
中国电影沉寂期（1950-1980）
电影工作者失去了对现实的批判精神。由于不能写社会主义制度的弊病，“通俗剧”作家、导演显得无用武之地。这时期的电影重在表现道德冲突中对立的两极。
中国电影恢复期（1981-1989）
“解构主义”风行。80年代的总体趋势是五四“通俗剧”的复兴。但新一代导演要超越“通俗剧”那种大喜大悲的模式，因为现实生活中本不是那样简单。这就使得观众在观看电影时需要更多的思考。
中国电影进军世界的时期（1990- ）
1990年，张艺谋执导的《菊豆》获奥斯卡最佳外语片提名，开中国电影入围、角逐奥斯卡之先例。中国电影开始充斥世界各大影展，中国电影全面发展。电影导演选择一个悬置而不移动的主体位置，借此成就一幅双重文化认同中的历史景观，巧妙地在双重认同与双重解读之间，缝合起东方与西方，本土与世界。

C. 求 英文版的世界电影简史 快！

世界电影简史
1895~1910
● 12月28日卢米埃在巴黎大咖啡厅放映自制的十部影片(1895)
● 第一家专映有声电影的「留声影院」在法国成立(1900)
● 柏格森之喜剧论文《论笑》发表(1900)
● 维他公司vitagraph成立(1900)
● 爱德温．波特的《美国消防员生活》采用复杂的户外拍摄镜头，并以溶的手法连接镜头，开启之后剧情片的拍摄手法(1902)
● 四月，美国第一家长期放映电影的戏院「电化剧场」在洛杉矶开幕，由汤玛斯．陶利创立
(1902)
● 传记公司开始在室内摄影棚使用人工灯光(1903)
● 美国第一家「五分钱戏院」在匹兹堡设立(1905)
● 爱弥儿．考尔正试探动画影片的可能性(1905)
● 第一部卡通影片：《做鬼脸的步骤》，由詹姆士．史都华．布莱顿制作完成(1906)
● 李狄佛斯特发明的音管，指出电子声音扩音的可能性(1906)
● 澳洲的第一部警匪片《大盗凯利的故事》完成，长度约一小时(1906)
● 此年估计每周约有八千万美国人光顾五分钱戏院(当时美国人口约一亿人)，而全美已有五千家以上的五分钱戏院(1907)
● 葛理菲斯到传记公司工作，因为影片生场量大，于是发展出分工模式，使得电影导演首度由不懂机器的人来担任(1907)
● 美国「国家检查局」成立(1907)
● 法国开始制作舞台式的艺术电影(1907)
● 爱迪生合组「电影专利公司」，授权拍摄、发行与放映电影(1908)
● 「火车大劫案」导演爱德温．波特与爱迪生公司决裂，爱迪生公司不久后停止拍片。至此初始电影渐被剧情片取代(1909)
● 卡尔．德兰姆利用IMP公司旗下的女演员：法伦丝．罗兰斯的假死亡消息，造成明星风潮
(1910)
● 葛理菲斯率领公司的演员与工作人员到洛杉矶定居，许多电影公司相继搬到加洲的好莱坞地方发展(1910)

重要作品：
《月球之旅》A Trip to the Moon
1900／梅里叶／法国／黑白
《美国消防员的生活》The Life of an American Fireman
1903／爱德温．波特／美国／黑白
《火车大劫案》The Great Train Robbery
1903／爱德温．波特／美国／黑白
第一部西部片的诞生。
《灵犬救主记》Rescued by Rover
1905／西希．赫普渥斯／英国／黑白
开创在屏幕上说故事的技巧，是葛里菲斯之前剪辑最巧妙的作品。
《鹰巢历险记》The Eagle's Nest
1908／爱德温．波特／美国／黑白
内容描述营救被老鹰捉去的婴儿的过程，葛里菲斯演出并在此片中学习到导演的技巧。

1911~1920
● 华纳兄弟开始制作电影(1912)
● 第一本电影杂志《影剧》在美国问世(1912)
● 赛纳特的基斯东公司成立(1912)
● 阿道夫．索克成立「名人公司」(1912)
● 威廉．福斯成立「票房诱力公司」(1912)
● 赛纳特制作第一部美国喜剧长片《泰莉的伤心罗曼史》，使卓别林踏上明星之路(1912)
● 美国「环球公司」成立(1912)
● 葛理菲斯成立自己的电影公司(1913)
● 西席．地米尔为了拍摄《番妻记》至加州，以每月七十五元租下好莱坞谷场(1913)
● 达达沙赫．法兰克完成第一部印度电影，器材则全部由英国进口(1913)
● 第一家重要的新型豪华戏院「河滨戏院」建于百老汇(1914)
● 霍金逊成立派拉蒙公司(1914)
● ●贝拉斯哥的灯光技术师布克兰至好莱坞(1914)
● 梅里叶拍完他的最后一部电影(1914)
● 第一次世界大战让许多国家管制敌国电影进口，间接为本国电影保留了发展空间(1914)
● 卡尔．兰姆建立宏大的环球摄影城(1915)
● 「电影专利公司」被法院宣判违反托拉斯法，宣布倒闭(1915)
● 葛理菲斯，英斯与赛纳特成立铁三角影业公司(1915)
● 「票房诱力公司」改名为「福斯公司」(1915)
● 1915~1917之间确立了好莱坞的经济模式(1915)
● 哈佛大学心理学家雨果．孟斯特堡写下《电影剧-心理的研究》(1916)
● 艾伦．瑞在《万神殿》中改良贝拉斯哥式布景(1916)
● 卓别林至转至「互助公司」发展(1916)
● 德国政府成立「乌发制片公司」，开始拍摄战争宣传影片，以压制国内的反战声浪
(1918)

还有很多，具体见：参考资料

D. 关于美国电影发展史

美国电影发展史 分为早期美国无声电影 ，早期有声电影 1、早期电影导演格里菲斯、T.H．英斯和塞纳特对美国早期电影的发展作出了贡献。C.卓别林于1914年拍摄了第一部影片《谋生》，立即吸引了全世界观众。1919年，卓别林、D.范朋克、壁克馥3位著名演员和格里菲斯一道创办了联美公司，以发行他们独立制作的影片。20年代，美国影片生产的结构从以导演为中心逐步转化为以制片人为中心的体制。“制片人中心”模式形成了20年代的“明星制度”，各大公司均拥有一批明星。严格的审查制度使美国无声电影的主要成就表现在喜剧片、西部片和历史片3个方面。喜剧片的佳作首推卓别林的《寻子遇仙记》(1921)、《淘金记》(1925)和《马戏团》(1928)，基登的《航海者》(1924)和《将军》(1926)，H.劳埃德的《大学新生》(1925)；西部片主要有《篷车》(1923)、《铁骑》(1924)和《小马快邮》(1925)等；历史片有C.B.地密尔的《十诫》(1923)和《万王之王》(1927)，格里菲斯的《暴风雨中的孤儿们》(1922)，R.英格兰姆的《启示录四骑士》(1921)等。 第一次世界大战后，不少欧洲导演陆续来到好莱坞，他们的才能不同程度地受到了制片公司的抑制和扼杀。他们和美国导演一道，拍摄出无声电影的最后一批重要影片，如F.鲍沙其的《七重天》(1927)、C.勃朗的《肉与魔》(1927)、H.金的《史泰拉恨史》(1925)和K.维多的《大检阅》(1925)等。R.J.弗拉哈迪的《北方的纳努克》(1922)则为纪录电影奠定了基础。 有声电影：1926年，华纳兄弟影业公司拍摄了用唱片来配唱的由J.巴里摩尔主演的歌剧片《唐璜》(A.克罗斯兰导演)。 1927年10月6日又首映了由A.克罗斯兰导演、A.乔生主演的有歌唱、对白、声响的《爵士歌手》，这是世界上第一部有声故事片。 1928年7月6日华纳公司又推出了“百分之百的有声片”《纽约之光》。自此，有声电影全面推开。至1930年，除卓别林继续拍摄了几部无声片外，全部故事片均为有声片。 在导演中间最先适应有声片制作并拍摄出富于创造性影片的有：R.马莫里安的《喝彩》(1929)和使用了主观镜头的《化身博士》(1932)，L.迈尔斯东的《西线无战事》(1930)和《头版新闻》(1931)、刘别谦的《爱情的检阅》(1929)和《微笑的中尉》(1931)，K.维多的《哈利路亚》(1930)。卓别林也拍摄了他的第一部有声片《城市之光》(1931)。 美国电影黄金时代 [ 转自铁血社区 http://bbs.tiexue.net/ ]美国电影中的特殊现象——类型影片，在30年代获得了充分的发展。最初的类型片是无声电影时代的喜剧片、闹剧片和西部片，到30年代初期，歌舞片、盗匪片、侦探片、恐怖片等类型相继出现并得到繁荣发展。类型电影是美国经济、社会和文化需要的直接产物，它们中成为经典作品的有歌舞片《四十二街》 (1933)、《掘金女郎》(1933)、《大礼帽》(1935)、《风月无边》 (1936)和《齐格飞大歌舞》(1936)；盗匪片《小恺撒》(1931)、《公敌》 (1931)、《疤面人》(1932)和《吓呆了的森林》(1936)；恐怖片《吸血鬼》(1931)和《弗兰肯斯坦》(1931)等。

E. 英文电影发展史

这个也太有难度了吧，非得专业人士不行啊，建议你还是直接娶你老师那边索要得了，呵呵，大不了请吃顿饭完事！

F. 求一篇电影发展史的作文，大学的，150字左右，要英文的急求！

The history of film spans over 100 years, from the latter part of the 19th century to the present day. Motion pictures developed graally from a carnival novelty to one of the most important tools of communication and entertainment, and mass media in the 20th century and into the 21st century. Most films before 1930 were silent. Motion picture films have substantially affected the arts, technology, and politics.
The cinema was invented ring the 1890s, ring what is now called the instrial revolution. It was considered a cheaper, simpler way to provide entertainment to the masses. Movies would become the most popular visual art form of the late Victorian age. It was simpler because of the fact that before the cinema people would have to travel long distances to see major dioramas or amusement parks. With the advent of the cinema this changed. During the first decade of the cinema's existence, inventors worked to improve the machines for making and showing films. The cinema is a complicated medium, and before it could be invented, several technological requirements had to be met

G. 要欧洲电影发展史，在线等

欧洲是电影的发源地，在世界电影史上曾写下光辉灿烂的篇章。一代代的欧洲电影工作者凭着对电影艺术的执着追求，向世人奉献了举不胜数的传世佳作。一代代的欧洲电影工作者凭著对电影艺术的执著追求，向世人奉献了举不胜数的传世佳作。

1.首先将声音、色彩运用於电影
2. 率先使用了宽银幕

3.每一次兴起概念电影的重要组成部分: 超现实主义电影运动。（所众周知，1928年西班牙人路易斯布努艾尔的那部24分钟的短片《一条安达鲁狗》中刀片切割人眼球、口中长出头发等的怪异镜头，开创了超现实主义电影的先河）

4.新浪潮电影的根据地。

这些技术和风格上的电影革命从根本上改变了电影的最初面貌，而使之成为一门艺术，时至今日，欧洲的电影人们仍在孜孜不倦地对第七艺术--电影做出不可磨灭的贡献。

目前市面上很难见到那些欧洲电影大师级人物的作品，不过每当谈起这些响当当的名字：英格玛.伯格曼、阿伦.雷乃、费德里科.费里尼、安东尼奥尼、弗郎索瓦.特吕弗、赖纳.沃纳.法斯宾德，许多影友便禁不住眉飞色舞。

新浪潮，肯定首先想到的是法国五、六十年代的作品，由克罗德夏布罗尔、弗郎索瓦特吕弗、让吕克戈尔达和埃立克罗迈尔这几位《电影手册》杂志的编辑掀起的这场电影新浪潮，从1958年到1962虽说持续时间不算长，但对整个世界电影却产生了巨大影响。

这期间的代表作品是：特吕弗的《胡作非为》（即《四百下》）、戈达尔的《精疲力尽》等。

随即响应这股汹涌浪潮的欧洲导演多达100多号子，如“左岸派”的代表人物阿仑雷乃（《广岛之恋》）阿涅斯瓦尔达以及德国电影奇才法斯宾德（《水手奎莱尔》），也有科班出身的路易马勒（《再见孩子》、《爱情重伤》）等以及一些鱼龙混杂之人。

作为一场运动，新浪潮只是昙花一现便很快消失了，不过它的影响却改变了以後的两代电影人，如今这股当年被视为无政府主义的风潮再次席卷了法国乃至欧洲电影圈，新生代的电影家们向七八十年代回避现实与回归“优质电影”的倾向提出的挑战。

与卢克贝松（反映退缩到大海深处孤独生活的《碧海情》）、让雅克阿诺（幽闭禁锢人性的教堂生活的《玫瑰的名字》）、卡拉克斯（无人的石桥下那永远不靠岸的漂泊爱情故事《新桥恋人》）等人的唯美主义和非人格化的意象色彩不同，以埃立克罗尚、科里科拉尔等人开创的电影新新浪潮，回归过去雷诺阿时代的现实主义传统，不仅时代鲜明，而且没有花哨的摄影技巧，靠的是以人性在现实中的真实体现打动观众。

1989年的《冷酷祭典》如一股清风吹入影坛，这部荣获威尼斯、凯撒最佳女主角、多伦多影评人大奖的影片，描述的是两位个性很强的女性，由於都曾有过被迫杀人的经历而结识到成为好朋友，然而现实中并非如她们所意愿地发展，直至在作保姆的主人家里迸发出所有激情。

另外一部代表作品就是92年的《疯狂夜》，这部编导兼主演本人因爱滋病死去的反映当今爱滋病时代的真实见证的影片激情四溢，无论从电影史上还是社会学角度而言，均堪称里程碑，因为它是第一次直面爱滋病患者的真实生活并以其独特的魅力改变著社会对爱滋病及其患者的态度。 95年的《仇恨》和《诱饵》（新鲜诱惑）都属于这类取材于社会、更接近观众的影片，不过这股新新浪潮的影片对整体电影业发展和社会现状是否有好处，排除艺术本身的因素不谈，现在还很难作出结论。 95年的《仇恨》和《诱饵》（新鲜诱惑）都属於这类取材於社会、更接近观众的影片，不过这股新新浪潮的影片对整体电影业发展和社会现状是否有好处，排除艺术本身的因素不谈，现在还很难作出结论。

现在翻回去来看看戈达尔的名作《精疲力尽》，影片描写一个四处为非作歹的强盗在一个americangirl的帮助下躲避警方的追捕，最后还是被她告发，死于警察的枪口之下。现在翻回去来看看戈达尔的名作《精疲力尽》，影片描写一个四处为非作歹的强盗在一个american girl的帮助下躲避警方的追捕，最後还是被她告发，死於警察的枪口之下。 影片之所以轰动是因为：“它从一个新的视角观察人生，表现了人的行为的随意性、无目的性以及人际关系的冷漠，而且它还表现出对传统电影规范和陈旧的技术法则的蔑视与背离，采用灵活的叙事方式、画面格式与跳接等大胆技巧”。影片之所以轰动是因为：“它从一个新的视角观察人生，表现了人的行为的随意性、无目的性以及人际关系的冷漠，而且它还表现出对传统电影规范和陈旧的技术法则的蔑视与背离，采用灵活的叙事方式、画面格式与跳接等大胆技巧”。

特吕弗的《胡作非为》早于同年的《精疲力尽》，这小子是靠大量观摩电影而“自学成才”的导演，与他经历极为相似的导演就是美国鬼才昆汀.塔伦蒂诺，据说昆汀在导演《黑色小说》之前，每天要看上五六部电影。特吕弗的《胡作非为》早於同年的《精疲力尽》，这小子是靠大量观摩电影而“自学成才”的导演，与他经历极为相似的导演就是美国鬼才昆汀.塔伦蒂诺，据说昆汀在导演《黑色小说》之前，每天要看上五六部电影。1959年的这部影片描述13岁少年杜瓦尔在学校、家庭和社会均得不到温暖的情况下，屡次出逃并最终走上犯罪道路。 1959年的这部影片描述13岁少年杜瓦尔在学校、家庭和社会均得不到温暖的情况下，屡次出逃并最终走上犯罪道路。有传闻说这部影片是特吕弗的自传体，如同《黑色小说》是昆汀这个小混混的自我写照、《阳光灿烂日子》是姜文和王朔的儿时一般，它胜在以朴素的纪实风格、浓厚的生活气息、细腻的心理揭示及实景拍摄、摄影机连续运动、长镜头的恰当使用等艺术创新手法上，它也使得特吕弗首次拍长片便获得了戛纳影展最佳导演奖，真的同昆汀与他的《黑色小说》如出一辙。有传闻说这部影片是特吕弗的自传体，如同《黑色小说》是昆汀这个小混混的自我写照、《阳光灿烂日子》是姜文和王朔的儿时一般，它胜在以朴素的纪实风格、浓厚的生活气息、细腻的心理揭示及实景拍摄、摄影机连续运动、长镜头的恰当使用等艺术创新手法上，它也使得特吕弗首次拍长片便获得了戛纳影展最佳导演奖，真的同昆汀与他的《黑色小说》如出一辙。

再来看看德国的新浪潮，历史上德国影片一直不乏极为优秀的作品，1979年施隆多夫的《铁皮鼓》玩命获奖，使德国电影得到了世界公认。再来看看德国的新浪潮，历史上德国影片一直不乏极为优秀的作品，1979年施隆多夫的《铁皮鼓》玩命获奖，使德国电影得到了世界公认。德国电影新浪潮始于六十年代末，代表人物当首推Rainer WernerFassbinder（法斯宾德），这位英年早逝的电影奇才是“反戏剧剧院”流派的主要人物。德国电影新浪潮始於六十年代末，代表人物当首推Rainer Werner Fassbinder（法斯宾德），这位英年早逝的电影奇才是“反戏剧剧院”流派的主要人物。 1969年仅24岁的法斯宾德就以其处女作品《爱比死更冷》闻名于世，他不权是编剧、导演，而且还亲自上阵作主角，从其短暂的14年电影生涯共拍出41部影片来看，在世界电影史上都是极为罕见的，他畅导的“新德国电影”运动，直到今天以维姆文德斯为代表的德国电影人仍在发展壮大。 1969年仅24岁的法斯宾德就以其处女作品《爱比死更冷》闻名於世，他不权是编剧、导演，而且还亲自上阵作主角，从其短暂的14年电影生涯共拍出41部影片来看，在世界电影史上都是极为罕见的，他畅导的“新德国电影”运动，直到今天以维姆文德斯为代表的德国电影人仍在发展壮大。

法斯宾德最重要的两部作品是1979年的《玛丽娅布劳恩的婚姻》和1982年的绝笔之作《水手奎莱尔》，前者使德国电影打入了美国乃至世界市场，后者刚是一部情色经典，这所以说它是情色作品，是因为该片充满了同性恋、双性恋以及占有欲极强的中年妇人的乱伦行为。法斯宾德最重要的两部作品是1979年的《玛丽娅布劳恩的婚姻》和1982年的绝笔之作《水手奎莱尔》，前者使德国电影打入了美国乃至世界市场，後者刚是一部情色经典，这所以说它是情色作品，是因为该片充满了同性恋、双性恋以及占有欲极强的中年妇人的乱伦行为。这是一部表现主义作品，没有完整的叙事结构，事件之间也没有必然的因果关系，人物的行为既无动机，又无逻辑，整部影片象一篇用影像构成的寓言。这是一部表现主义作品，没有完整的叙事结构，事件之间也没有必然的因果关系，人物的行为既无动机，又无逻辑，整部影片像一篇用影像构成的寓言。“它是法斯宾德个人经历的写照，也是他构筑极端世界的模式：一个无爱的世界，人生活在这个世界中充满了争斗、欺诈、谋杀和性。”为表现这一世界，法斯宾德在整部影片当中都使用同一种颜色--橙色，这是一种表现色情的色彩，使观众产生一种压抑感，“好象进入地狱，使人透不过气来”。 “它是法斯宾德个人经历的写照，也是他构筑极端世界的模式：一个无爱的世界，人生活在这个世界中充满了争斗、欺诈、谋杀和性。”为表现这一世界，法斯宾德在整部影片当中都使用同一种颜色--橙色，这是一种表现色情的色彩，使观众产生一种压抑感，“好像进入地狱，使人透不过气来”。

文姆文德斯的作品近两年在大陆碟市上已经屡见不鲜，从〈德克萨斯州的巴黎〉（1984）到〈直到世界末日〉（1990）（3碟），从〈天使之翼〉（1987）到〈暴力启示录〉（1997）文德斯的成功证明了自己是当之无愧的当代德国电影代言人。文姆文德斯的作品近两年在大陆碟市上已经屡见不鲜，从〈德克萨斯州的巴黎〉（1984）到〈直到世界末日〉（1990）（3碟），从〈天使之翼〉（1987）到〈暴力启示录〉（1997）文德斯的成功证明了自己是当之无愧的当代德国电影代言人。 同时他也是获次数最多的德国导演，〈德州巴黎〉获戛纳金棕榈大奖，86-87年间的半纪录体影片〈柏林上空〉获戛纳影评人特别奖及欧洲电影节最佳影片大奖。同时他也是获次数最多的德国导演，〈德州巴黎〉获戛纳金棕榈大奖，86-87年间的半纪录体影片〈柏林上空〉获戛纳影评人特别奖及欧洲电影节最佳影片大奖。此外，〈天使之翼〉还被无耻的好莱坞在96年翻拍成〈天使之城〉（X情人）。此外，〈天使之翼〉还被无耻的好莱坞在96年翻拍成〈天使之城〉（X情人）。