❶ 帮忙写（找）一篇关于研究中西方文化差异的论文。1000~2000字，用英语写
隐喻的中西方文化差异
Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.
Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation.
1. Preamble
Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation.
2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies
In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. "
2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures
2.1.1 relationship
Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience.
2.1.2 non-correspondence
English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories:
2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to
English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum).
2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to
English-Chinese two nations e to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao.
2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to
Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly ckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor .
2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor
Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience.
2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures
As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences.
2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence
Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse.
2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict
Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures
"Dragon" to give a different connotation.
2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor
In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is e to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society.
2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor
Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on.
It is e to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange.
3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation
The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences.
American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange.
3.1 Literal Translation
The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method.
(1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine.
: You are my sun, my only sunshine.
In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation.
(1) He is another Shylock.
: He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business
People. )
(2) To carry coals to Newcastle.
: Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.)
4. Conclusion
Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is e to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
❷ 英语专业毕业论文题目可以选《比较东西方魔幻电影》吗
当然可以
我还可以提供其他题目
一．语言学及应用语言学
1．语言学研究 (如：语言研究，文字研究，词汇研究，短语和句子研究，语篇研究，语言与文化等)
2．语言教学研究 (如：语言研究与语言习惯，教学方法和技巧研究，教材分析和评估研究，测试与评估研究，课堂教学管理研究，教育技术的使用与开展研究)
3．中英文语法对比研究（某一语法现象）
4．中英文文体对比（诗歌、小说、广告等）
5．某一文本文体特征分析
6．中英篇章结构对比
7．中西文字及思维方式
8．情感在外语学习中的作用
9．中介语与外语学习
10．中英异同对外语学习的影响
11．词汇记忆研究
12．论语言环境与外语学习
13．接受技能与产出技能的关系
14．浅谈广告语言的特点
15．从认知看隐喻在经济语篇中的应用
16．论基础英语与专门用途英语的教学关系
17．英汉思维方式对其语言，文字的影响
18．英汉民俗文化对词汇意义的影响
19．当代英语语言学理论对外语教学的启示
20．On The Nature And functions of Metaphor 论隐喻的本质与功能
21．On the Origin, Word-Formation and Translation of English Neologisms
浅谈英语新词的产生、构成及翻译
22．Decomposition and Translation of Ambiguous Structures 歧义结构的化解与翻译
23．A Contrastive Study of the Formation of English and Chinese Antonyms
论英汉反义词的形成
24．On the Usage of English Abbreviations on the Internet谈网络英语中的缩略语
25．A Contrastive Study of Punctuation in Chinese and English 英汉标点符号比较
26．On the Relationship between Lexical Cohesion and Textual Coherence
词汇的衔接与语篇的连贯
27．Thought Discrepancies Embodied in English and Chinese Languages
思维差异在英汉语言中的体现
28．Influences of Chinese Dialectical Accent over English Pronunciation
汉语方言对英语发音的影响
29．Language Development of Pre-school Children and English Teaching
幼儿言语发展及幼儿英语教学
30．The Influence of Sino-British Cultures on Metaphors论中英文化对隐语的影响
31．On Politeness Norms and Mistakes in Interactive Communication of Spoken English
英汉口语中互动性交际的礼貌规范与失误
32.Pragmatic Analysis on the Approximating Quantities with Numbers数词模糊语的语用分析
33.On Special Usage of English Prepositions英语介词的另类用法
34.On Fault Use of Words in Law English 论法律英语里的用词失误
35.About Usage of Letter “S” in English 英语中的字母S的用法探讨
36.Usage and Translation of “and” 英文中的and 的用法与译法
37.Characteristics of American Slang美国俚语特点
38.Acquisition of Function words in English Learning浅谈英语学习中虚词的掌握
39.Words and Expressions Belittling the Female女性歧视化用词和表达法研究
40.On the Motivation of Male Students' Interests of English Learning
论男生的英语学习兴趣的激发
41.Distinction and translation of English passives without by-phrases
英语中无标记被动结构的识别与翻译
42.学生个体差异研究 (如：不同性格的学生的口语能力有何不同？)
二. 翻译理论与实践
1.翻译方法个案研究 (如：“从海明威的短篇小说<一个干净、的地方>看简洁句的翻译”)
2.中外翻译比较
3.归化与异化----汉语习语的英译
4.翻译中的文化冲击
5.长句的翻译
6.英语定语从句的翻译
7.翻译中的英汉双语转换模式探讨
8.Transformational Technique of Parts of Speech in Translation翻译中词性转换的技巧
9.Cultural Gap and Mistranslation英汉文化差异与误译
10.A Brief Study on the Translation of English News Titles英语新闻标题翻译初探
11.On Translation Techniques of Loan words浅谈外来词的翻译
12.Usage and Translation Skills of Numerals in English Expressions
英语中数量在词组中的用法和翻译技巧
13.Usage and Translation Skills of Numerals in English Expressions
英语中数量在词组中的用法和翻译技巧
14.A Tentative Study on English Hyperbole浅论英语夸张修辞
15.Features of Network Language and Its Translation网络用语的特点及其翻译
16.Inter-translation of Humor of English and Chinese 英汉的幽默互译
17.Alternating Translation of English and Chinese Attributives论英汉互译中定语的翻译
18.On Political Factors in English-Chinese Translation翻译中政治因素的作用
19.The translation method of Chinese and English film's name中英电影名的翻译方法
三.文学
1.国别文学研究和地域文学研究（如：英国文学、美国文学、澳大利亚文学、加拿大文学、新西兰文学/西方文学、大洋洲文学等）
2.文学流派研究 (如：浪漫主义，现实主义，自然主义，超现实主义，存在主义，黑色幽默，意识流，女性主义文学等)
3.作家研究和文本分析 (如：阿瑟.米勒研究，海明威研究，狄更斯研究，论莎士比亚的“威尼斯商人”等)
4.中外比较文学研究 (如：尤金.奥尼尔和曹禺戏剧作品之比较)
五四时期西方女作家对中国女性文学的影响
5.中国诗歌对埃兹拉•庞德（Ezra Pound）的影响
拜伦与鲁迅
6.朱光潜与弗洛伊德（Frued）
7.弗洛伊德与文学
8.弗洛伊德与心理分析学
9.西方哥特（Gothic）文学传统
10.《圣经》在西方文学中的影响
11.莎士比亚的生平及其剧作
12.“湖畔派”诗人
13.简•奥斯丁小说中的婚姻与女性挣扎
14.詹姆斯•乔伊斯（James Joyce）小说文本的形式实验
15.夏洛蒂•勃朗特(Charlotte Bronte)的生平与其创作中的自我
16.意识流(stream of consciousness)小说的特点
17.詹姆斯•乔伊斯与意识流小说
18.论霍桑的加尔文主义(Calvinism)倾向
19.Structuralism and Post-structualism
20.Edward Said and Post-colonialism
21.Influence and Transformation of Psychoanalysis on Chinese 22.Modernist Literature in the 21th Century
23.Feminine writing and Chinese Feminist Literature
24.French feminism and Chinese Feminist Literature
25.Virginia Woolf and Feminine Writing
26.Virginia Woolf’s Concept of novel writing
27.The History of Western Feminism
28.Realism, Modernism and Post-modernism
29.Modernism and Post-modernism and Their Fate in the Chinese 30.Literature in the 20th century
31.Irony in Vanity Fair by William M.Thackerary
32.The Bronte Sisters
33.Approaching William Faulkner
34.Earnest Hemingway: The old Man and the Sea
35.Women in Earnest Hemingway’s Novels
36.On Tragic Fate Of the Heroin In Life
37.论<一生>中女主人公的悲剧命运
38.On American Dream ------Viewed from 《Sister Carrie》
39.从《嘉莉妹妹》看美国梦
40.My view on the Classic Standpoint of love of Jane Austin
从《爱玛》看简。奥斯丁的古典主义爱情观
41.On the Meanings of Images in Moby Dick论《白鲸》中的象征意义
42.A Contrastive Study on Love Tragedy Between Romeo & Juliet and Butterflies in Love
罗米欧与朱丽叶和梁山伯与祝英台的爱情悲剧对比研究
43.The Attitudes towards love in The Hunckback of Notre Dame
论《巴黎圣母院》中的爱情观
44.The Comparison of Indivialism Between Moby Dick and The Old Man and the Sea
《白鲸》和《老人与海》中的个人主义比较
45.A Comparison of the Value of Love Between Baoyu Daiyu and Jane Rochester
46.宝黛爱情与简爱罗彻特爱情观之比较
47.解读《简•爱》中的女性意识
48.论《红字》的悲剧艺术效果。论《红字》的象征手法
49.浅谈华兹华斯的自然诗
50.美国梦的幻灭：《了不起的盖茨比》中的盖茨比的悲剧
51解释兰斯顿•休斯诗歌中的种族主义
52.解释托妮•莫里森小说中的种族主义
53.海明威与“迷惘一代”的文学
54.从《哈克贝里•费恩历险记》中看马克•吐温的美国式幽默
四.跨文化交际
55.On Ways of Breaking Cultural Barriers In Translation Of Human Names
如何克服人名翻译中的文化障碍
56.On Influence Of Cultural Differences On Understanding English and Chinese Advertisements
论文化差异对解读英汉广告的影响
57.On Changes Of Business Etiquettes In Cross-Cultural Communication
论跨文化交际中商务礼仪的变迁
58.On Application Of Nonverbal Means In Communication
论非语言形式在交际中的运用
59.The Comparison and Translation of “Nine” in Chinese and Western Culture
英汉数字“九”的文化对比与翻译
60.The Cultural Influence on English Expressions and Word Choices
文化对英语表达和词汇的影响
61.The Regional Differences Between Chinese and Western Culture
中西文化差异之地域文化差异
62.Non-equivalence between Chinese and English Idioms and Intercultural Differences
英汉习语的不等值现象与跨文化差异
63.The Influences of Chinese-British Cultural Differences on International Business Protocol
中英文化差异对国际商务礼仪的影响
64.Comparisons of Sino-U.S Family Ecation中美家庭教育的比较
65.A Contrastive Study on Chinese and English Exclamatory Words汉英感叹词对比研究
66.On Sino-Western Cultural Differences from Numerical Idioms从数字习语看中西文化差异
67.American movies and American characteristics 美国电影与美国民族特性
68.Usage and Reason of Foreignism in Chinese 汉语中外来词的使用 现状及原因
69.Cultural Difference in the Traditional Chinese and Western Festivals
传统节日映照出的中西文化差异
70.The Influence of American Culture on the Language of Its Movies美国文化对其电影的影响
71.Gender Differences in Speech 言语中的性别差异
72.On the Embodiment of Cultural Specifications of Western Cartoon Movies
论西方卡通片所体现的文化特质
73.A Brief Analysis of the Characteristics of Political Slang in American English
浅析美国英语中政治俚语的特点
74.Cultural Differences between Chinese and Western Marriage
中西婚姻文化差异
五.商务英语
1.On Aesthetic Association and Translation Of Names Of Commodities
论审美联想与商品名的翻译
2.On Influence Of American Culture On Import and Export Commodities
论美国文化对进出口商品翻译的影响
3.On Language Communication Skills In Business Negotiation论商务谈判中语言沟通技巧
4.On Skills of Writing a Business Letter商业信函的写作技巧
5.On the Characteristics of Business Negotiation Language and Its Translation
商务谈判用语特点及翻译
6.Language Characteristics and Skills for an English Tour Guide
英语导游翻译的语言艺术与技巧
7.The Application of Personification in Advertising广告英语中拟人的应用
8.Language Characteristics of English Business Contracts商务合同的语言特点
9.On the Abbreviations of Business English浅论商务英语的缩略语
10.On English Translation of Signs and Words in Public Places公共标识用语的英译探析
11.On translation of tourist guide论旅游指南的翻译
12.On the writing and translation of foreign trade contracts论涉外经济合同写作及翻译
13.商务口译活动及标准
14.口译质量与效果评估
15.英语广告与汉语广告英译分析
16.英语广告中的修辞及翻译
17.涉外广告文化与翻译
18.广告翻译策略：论广告翻译的理论模式
19.我国涉外人员名片的英译
20.国际条约的语言风格和汉译技巧
21.国际贸易合同的翻译
22.科技英语语篇功能分析语翻译
23.科技英语词汇翻译
24.旅游翻译中景点错译探讨
❸ 求《从西方电影看中外文化差异》为题的论文
从发展来看，中国电影事业比西方电影事业起步要晚几十年。西方电影尤其是美国电影常常有一些不经意的幽默，不是刻意去营造的而是往往在不经意间一个细节让你忍俊不禁。相比较而言，中国香港电影界的奇迹“无厘头”电影可谓从头到尾让人乐翻天，这不仅仅体现在情节设计上，在人物形象和塑造上，环境的布置以及音乐配置上都是做足功夫的。以我个人的浅薄认识，美国电影是“幽默”，香港电影里有的只是“滑稽”、“搞笑”而已，我无法评断孰优孰劣。电影只是文化的一个缩影，不同风格必然有其文化大背景。另外从影片的题材上来看，西方电影的艺术片、西部片、歌舞片和动画片也是别具一格，常常让人感慨：啊！原来电影还可以这样！而中国电影在发展中也形成了自己含蓄内敛的韵味与风格，在国际电影界的地位逐步上升，这不能不说是中国文化在世界文化中的地位上升。通过音乐与电影的比较，中西方文化的特点差异在我们脑海中都有了一个大概的印象，接下来，我们又探讨了中西方文化的具体典型及其深层原因。在做这一部分内容时，我们查阅了相关书籍并充分利用了网络资源。一 内陆型文化和海洋型文化 ：中华民族文明起源于黄河流域，三面连陆一面靠海的地理环境使中国几乎处于与世隔绝的状态，从而使自身文化保持很强的稳定性和历史延续性。这种独特的自然环境造就了中华民族独有的文化传统和社会心理。诞生于半封闭大陆自然环境的儒家伦理，教诲人们重土轻迁，安贫乐道，日出而作，日落而息，使人们在久远的传统中沉淀了一种封闭的惰性心理和惯性思维方法，保守，缺乏开放的意识；眷恋家园故土，提倡清静无为；安于现状，墨守成规，因循守旧，风险意识和竞争精神不强，时间观念和进取意识淡漠。所谓的“山性使人塞，水性使人通”，便是这个道理。“东方人并不具有西方人的忙碌和竞争意识，他们总是显得严肃、执重，从不着急，时间观念淡漠。而作为西方文化源头的古希腊与古罗马均处在半岛之上，多面临海，海上交通发达，航海贸易繁荣，这就使这些国家形成了打破血缘关系的开放式的社会。激烈的社会动荡、频繁的人员往来和波涛汹涌、变幻莫测的海洋形成其开放变易的文化品格，铸就了其灵活、开放、勇敢、进取、协作的民族精神，倡导艰苦奋斗和自强不息。所以，西方人喜欢标新立异、革故鼎新，富有冒险精神和挑战勇气。二.伦理型文化与功利型文化：中国传统伦理总体取向是重义轻利。作为支配几千年中国封建社会的主流意识形态的儒家思想，其基本主张是“重义轻利”、“见利思义”、 “以义制利”，提倡义利发生矛盾时，应当舍生取义。泛道德主义的中国传统，用道德解释一切，导致国民乐于言义耻于谈利，重道德修养，轻外在事功的价值取向，从而导致科学在古代中国失去独立的人格价值和社会地位。人专注于自身的内心世界，丧失对理性和自然的兴趣，缺乏西方文化的理性传统和对科学的探索热情。道德与理性的分离，使中国传统出现反理性的倾向，从而阻碍了中国科学精神的发育。这就是为什么中国古代空论玄谈盛行，科学衰微和商业不发达的深层原因之所在。科学技术被视为怪技奇巧，商人被贬为四民之末，从而也导致中国古代科学尽管发达却难于付诸施用，商业发展缓慢，国家积贫积弱的严重后果，到了近代更成了西方殖民者侵略的对象。 西方社会是以个人为本位，所追求的价值目标是个人的权益的实现，并且认为它们是神圣不可侵犯的，是与生既来的，是天赋的。趋利避苦是个体的本能，事功求利是生存的目的，在追求自身的权利和利益的过程中不须负任何道德责任，可以不择手段。在西方历史上，功利主义、实用主义盛行不衰，构成了西方主流价值取向，私有财产神圣不可侵犯成了社会亘古不变的信条。在最大限度地谋求自身的利益观念的驱动下，科学与技术在西方尤为受到重视，理性主义、科学主义在西方非常发达。在现实生活中，西方人表现出求新奇、好创新、重功利的人格精神。科学观念和技术意识深入人心，成为构成人格的重要因素。这也导致西方社会重理性而轻情感，长于说理而短于谈情，善于逻辑思维而疏于直观感受。 三.和谐型文化与抗争型文化：中国古代文化更多的是重人事而轻天道，重道德而轻知识。中国文化始终把谋求人与自然、社会的和谐统一作为人生理想的主旋律，反对人的独立意志和锐意进取，培养人的群体观念、顺从诚敬意识等，寻觅的是一种中庸的、调和的处理途径。中国文化的那种和谐观念，同时也体现和培育了国民顺从、屈服、保守与不思进取，安于现状的精神，鲜有抗争意识和反叛勇气。从而也造成了谦虚谨慎、含蓄内向的柔弱的文化品格。 在天人相分的二元对立的思维模式支配下，自古以来西方社会就把自然与人区分并对立起来，自然仅是被人认识、利用、征服的对象，强调人的独立自主和积极进取，追求自由意志和独立精神。西方人富有直面挑战，大胆追求、崇力尚武、急功近利，甚至不惜以片面掘进的思维方式和不择手段的行为方式去达到目的、争取胜利的精神品质和心理状态，从而形成率直、豁达，具有刚硬的文化品格。
❹ 中外电影风格比较
老实说，这题目太大了，太宽泛！
❺ 英语专毕业论文写中美电影中鬼形象文化差异可以可以用哪些理论
论僵尸与吸血鬼形象体现出的中西文化异同,你可以从这里写
❻ 中西文化差异英语论文（3000字以上）
一、引言
文化，这两种孕育自不同半球的文化，由于历史、地理环境、生产制度等方面的原因，有着极大的差异，截然不同的特色。这两种文化差异，一直备受关注。随着全球化的到来，全世界各民族间商业交流往来的日益频繁，了解中西方文化价值差异可以更好促进民族间经济、文化交流与沟通，从而避免所引起的不必要的误会和麻烦，导致的文化休克（culture shock）或交际失败（communication failure）。而语言是文化的载体，是文化的一部分，很大程度上反映了文化。谚语作为“民族文化之明镜”，来自于生活，更深刻地反映了民族文化特色，体现了人们的生产生活、思想观念、文化取向，具有持久的生命力、广泛的通俗性、生动的口语化的特点。英国著名学者培根曾说过：“The genius, wit and spirit of a nation are discovered in its proverbs.”（一个民族的天才、智慧和精神，都可以在其谚语中发现。）本文将从汉英谚语入手谈谈中西文化在地理环境、宗教信仰、历史、文学传统、民族性格、思想观念等方面的差异。
二、 地理环境
文化是在一定的自然环境里生发出来的。人们所生存的不同环境势必影响人
们的生活、生产方式，影响人们对客观外界的观察与思考。人们以通俗形象的语言来讲述自己的生活体验，描述自然现象，总结生产实践，概括生产经验。这些语言口口相传，千锤百炼，成为大家喜闻乐诵的谚语。这些谚语必然反映出自然环境的不同特征，带有鲜明的地域文化和生态文化的色彩。
英国是个岛国，四面环海，海岸线曲折多变，港湾楔入，岛屿众多。这样的自然环境给英国人提供了舟楫之便。人们在长期的航运渔业生活中，创造出数以百计的英语谚语，反映他们对生活及大自然的体验和观察。如：
There’s as good fish in the sea as ever come out of it.有了大海，还怕没鱼。
No fishing like fishing in the sea.捕鱼要到大海。
Who will not be ruled by the rudder must be ruled by the rock.船离舵，要闯祸。
A dog in the morning,sailors take warning; a dog in the night is the sailors’ delight.朝虹出天际，水手心事重，夜间见彩虹，水手乐哈哈。
He goes a great voyage that goes to bottom of the sea.到达海底的人，才算做了一次远航。
特殊的地理环境形成了特有的岛国气候。英国气候潮湿，天气变化大，岛上晴天少，雨天多，且多阵雨，因此，英国人出门常带把雨伞。由于英国天气变化无常的缘故，英国人非常关心天气，也喜欢谈论天气，并因此而产生了许多关于天气的谚语[1](P85)：
April weather, rain and shine both together.一边日出一边雨，晴雨无常四月天。
An English summer, three(or two)hot days and a thunderstorm.英国的一个夏季，三（两）个热天一阵大雷雨。
A misty morning may have a fine day.早晨有雾露，可能是晴天。
When the wind’s in the west, the weather’s at the best.风从西方起，天气最佳丽。
而处于另一个半球的中国则有着不同的地理自然风貌，中华文明发源于长江黄河流域，中国自古是典型的农耕社会，人们过着自给自足的农耕生活，农业是国民经济的重要支柱，农业在历代政府中都受到极大的重视。因此产生了许多与农业相关的谚语。
如：庄稼百样巧，地是无价宝。
人勤地不懒，勤奋谷仓满。
田里无神无鬼，全靠肥料土水。
庄稼老汉不知闲，放下锄头拿扁担。
农夫不种田，城里断炊烟。
田像一块铁，在于人来打。[2]（P240-241）
我国的天气谚语，从量上、质上，以及悠久的历史传统上，值得称道。如“灶烟往下埋，不久雨就来”、“春天孩儿脸，一日变三变”、“太阳颜色黄，明日大风狂”、“久晴大雾必阴，久雨大雾必晴”、“夜里星光明，明朝仍旧晴”等等。[1]（P85）
三、 特定历史
每个民族都以不同的方式在人类历史的画卷中写着自己特定的历史。从谚语中可以一窥历史风云变化。英国从十六世纪开始发展资本主义，经济迅速发展并逐渐开始迅速向海外扩张，掠夺资本主义原料，进行资本主义的原始积累。
Shoe-maker’s wife goes bare feet.这句谚语正是出自于十六世纪资本主义新兴时期，小资本家拼命发家致富，属于手工业者的鞋匠们为积攒钱财，竟然连给妻子买鞋穿的钱都不舍得花。十七世纪起英国在东印度扩张，十八世纪中叶建立殖民统治。He came safe from the East –India, and was drowned in the Thames.他从东印度安然归来，却淹死于泰晤士河。[3]（P79）英国历史上曾遭到多次其他国家的入侵。罗马统治期间，社会生活罗马化，拉丁语是官方、法律、商业和法律用语。丹麦人侵占期间，丹麦语也传入英国。1066年法国诺曼底登陆后，英国为法国所征服。 法语很长时期成为英国的官方语言，贵族、朝臣、地主和上流社会都使用法语，如当时的英国国王爱德华是完全不会说英语的国王，因此有英谚云：Jack would be a gentleman if he could speak French.要是杰克能讲法语，那他就是个绅士了。而三种语言交配混合到英语中，充实了英语语言，也带来了许多拉丁语、法语谚语。[1]（P84）
Anger is a short madness .愤怒是短暂的疯狂。（拉丁语）
Art is long, life is short. 艺术是无限，生命是有限的。（拉丁语）
All roads leads to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。（法语）
He that is afraid of asking is ashamed of learning. 怕问者耻于学。（丹麦语）
而在中国的历史长河中，秦始皇于公元前221年统一中国，从此中国进入了漫长的封建社会。广大劳动人民深受压迫和剥削，生活于水深火热之中，而统治阶级却过着穷奢极欲的生活。[4]（P50）有许多汉谚就反映了这一点。
❼ 观看电影《刮痧》，基于你对影片的理解对比分析中美文化价值观。建议使用Hofstede的文化价值维度
1: Power Distance: The US and China are differnent. In the movie, you could see that Datong show more respects to his boss. He hit his son in front of his boss to give his boss face.
2. Uncertainty Avoidance: American has higher uncertainty avoidance, and the China has low Uncertainty avoidance. In the court, the judge doesn't accept the uncertain answers. As the judge said," show me states". Becuase Americans don't know about what is Gua Sha. They don't try to understand and listen Datong's explanations. Americans just approves the facts and prooves.
3, indivialism： American is more indivial than Chinese. In the movie, you can see the relationship between son and father, Datong and his boss. American treats the kid indivially. So the Chind Protection Association tries to protect the child from abusing. However, for Chinese, Child should live with parents.
4. masculinity: In the court, Datong said that he did Guasha for his son, but that's not true. At this part, Datong showed his masculinity. Becuase he is a man, he has to protect his father. He has to undertake all of responsibilities.
❽ 英国电影和好莱坞电影的区别要英文的，100字左右。。
The United States and Britain are two countries. Cultural background is different. Personally, I think: The United States is very avant-garde films are very open. I like American movies love is very romantic.
The United States may be more abundant imagination are hundreds of years some of the UK can not afford to have lost a gentleman temperament ... ...
In fact, I still feel the most important investment issues, and now are large Hollywood, of course, there are many British actors in it, but they regarded American films of the bar, very classic British film of not more than it, the image also put I did not, than in France and the United States should take over.
三段的翻译如下：美国和英国是两个国家。文化背景都不一样。我个人认为：美国的电影很开放很前卫。我喜欢美国电影爱情也是很浪漫的。
美国可能想象力更丰富一些英国则是几百年都丢不掉的绅士气质……
其实我觉的最主要的还是投资问题,现在的大片都是好莱坞的,当然也有很多英国演员在里面,但都算是美国电影了吧,英国本土拍的很经典的不算多吧,映像里还真没有,要比应该拿法国和美国比.
❾ 从电影《喜福会》看中美文化差异，英语论文，有写过的人吗，希望能帮助我一下，谢谢。
这个可以给你参考一下 “joy” or “join” ---- culture shock between the east and the west
The joy luck of club is the title of this novel. It is also held by Suyuan, Jingmei’s mother, to gather 4 families immigrated to America in 1949. What is the purpose of holding such a party each week? The answer is to be joyful as the name of party------ the joy luck club. 4 old ladies always play maijiang and tell funny stories in the party. Everyone here tries his or her best to pretend to be happy. However, deeply inside their hearts, all of them have their own sorrows.
What makes them unhappy? Those pains are caused not only by their lives in old China but also by the misunderstanding of their own America-born daughters. So I think the name of the book is ironic.
How come daughters do not understand their mothers? It is caused by culture shock between the east and the west.
“3 obedience and 4 virtues” vs. Indivial freedom
In Chinese tradition, wives must follow her own parents, husbands and parents-in-low. They are not allowed to have their own idea and have no right to choose their own life. If they do not obey the rules, they will be considered to be a bad woman. This point is shown in the first part of the book------- 4 mothers’ sad lives in old China. Although they have escaped from China, they also have Chinese traditional characters.
However, in America, children have equal rights with their parents. They can choose their own life in the way of they like. It is not difficult to understand why American-born daughters cannot like the way of their mothers ecate them.
Take Waverly for example. Lindo asks her daughter to play chess and take part in a contest. After winning the game, Lindo boasts her daughter’s prize to others. Waverly can not understand this way and even hate this. She wrangles with her mother. In her view, it is her own honor. And it is none business of her mother. She asks her mother that if she wants to show off, wins the game by herself.
Mothers would like a daughter to obey their wills while daughters would like to be free and independent.
Criticism Vs. Encouragement
Chinese parents express their love to children through criticism. On the contrary, the American people show affection through encouragement.
For example, Suyuan always compares her daughter Jingmei with Waverly. She always puts out Jingmei’s bad points. These things make jingmei unhappy. She believes that her mother wants to control her and likes Waverly more than her. In order to show resistance to her mother, she decides not to play the piano that her mother tries her best to let her learn.
Suyuan wants her daughter to became a swan, which represents her hope. She left from
China for seeking a better way to live and finding a new lifestyle for women. She intent to let her daughter have been respected by others instead of being a Chinese traditional woman. However she fails. The failure is indicated at the beginning of the book. When su yuan arrived in America the immigration officials pulls her swan away from her, leaving the women fluttering her arms and with only one swan feather for a memory.
It is a tragedy to Jingmei as she really has a talent for playing the piano. She does not realize it until her mother died. The treason for this tragedy is misunderstanding between 2 generations in different cultures.
Chinese vs. English
The linguistic barrier exists between each mother and their children. The children alsys complains their mothers’ bad English mixed with Chinese words. They think their mothers are stupid while mothers think children know nothing. It shows that there is lack of communication between 2 generations.
All of these show culture shock between the east and the west.
At the end of the book, this situation is changed. Jingmei can understand her mother’s love; Lindo accepts Waverly’s husband who is a foreigner that she dislikes; Lena approves her value to her American husband after her mother’s advice… daughters starts to understand their mothers and the west can understand the east.
Now I realize another meaning of the joy luck club. “Joy” stands for “join” It is a link between the 2 generations. In the party daughters and mothers have meals and communicate together. It is also the link between the east and the west. Mothers show Chinese dishes here and play Chinese traditional game---- maijiang. And all different colors friends gather here. It signs conciliatory of these 2 cultures.
❿ 中英动作电影之对比 论文1200字
第一，可以体现作者的总体思路。提纲是由序码和文字组成的一种逻辑图表，是帮助作者考虑文章全篇逻辑构成的写作设计图。其优点在于，使作者易于掌握论文结构的全局，层次清楚，重点明确，简明扼要，一目了然。[2]
第二，有利于论文前后呼应。有一个提纲，可以帮助我们树立全局观念，从整体出发，在检验每一个部分所占的地位、所起的作用，相互间是否有逻辑联系，每部分所占的篇幅与其在全局中的地位和作用是否相称，各个部分之间的比例是否恰当和谐，每一字、每一句、每一段、每一部分是否都为全局所需要，是否都丝丝入扣、相互配合，成为整体的有机组成部分，都能为展开论题服务。经过这样的考虑和编写，论文的结构才能统一而完整，很好地为表达论文的内容服务。
第三，有利于及时调整，避免大返工。在毕业论文的研究和写作过程中，作者的思维活动是非常活跃的，一些不起眼的材料，从表面看来不相关的材料，经过熟悉和深思，常常会产生新的联想或新的观点，如果不认真编写提纲，动起笔来就会被这种现象所干扰，不得不停下笔来重新思考，甚至推翻已写的从头来过;这样，不仅增加了工作量，也会极大地影响写作情绪。毕业论文提纲犹如工程的蓝图，只要动笔前把提纲考虑得周到严谨，多花点时间和力气，搞得扎实一些，就能形成一个层次清楚、逻辑严密的论文框架，从而避免许多不必要的返工。另外，初写论文的学生，如果把自己的思路先写成提纲，再去请教他人，人家一看能懂，较易提出一些修改补充的意见，便于自己得到有效的指导。