㈠ “电影源于生活” 用英文 准确地道的表述
Films originate from our life.
㈡ 英文电影的英语介绍
这篇是《当幸福来敲门》的英语赏析
我在英文赏析课上老师介绍的 非常适合高中生看
I don’t know for sure whether it is the cold or the movie that kept me tossing and turning in bed, but one thing is certain: many scattered fragments of the movie again and again flashed in my mind. My cell phone read 4:16 am at that time, but I was not sleepy at all. So I decided to get up and write something.
"The Pursuit of Happyness" -- the title comes from a misspelled schoolhouse mural -- has a lot on its mind but mostly this: If America is about the promise of bettering oneself, why does it have to be so freaking hard? In the movie, Jefferson's Declaration of Independence words about happiness kept recurring to Chris Gardner. Every day, Christ had to work hard from morning till night, but still could hardly make a living. Chris saw a bunch of suits, mostly male, pouring out of the Dean Witter Reynolds brokerage firm in downtown San Francisco. They all looked “happy,” “Why not me? “ Christ wondered. He did have an adorable boy, Christopher, but wife Linda was becoming a scarecrow of overworked anxiety. Finally, his wife left Christ because of life pressure, leaving him and her five-year-old son, Christopher. And naturally, Christ became a single father.
With the failure of his business, Christ had no money to pay for the rent, so they were driven away from the flat. They became homeless. They slept in asylum, subway station public bathroom or anywhere as a temporary shelter. The destitution of life was absolutely depressing, but for his son’s future, for his own belief, Christ never gave up and he still strongly believed that happiness would come one day if he worked hard enough today.
With his great efforts, Christ won a six-month internship at Dean Witter, but there was no pay at all. So on one hand, Christ had to work hard to make a living; on the other hand, he had to fight for his intern work, since only one of the twenty interns would succeed finally. Besides, he had to take good care of his son after day care. However, Christ made it with his amazing willpower.
Christ was unfortunate, for he got a wife who was not understandable at all (though she has her own difficulties) and was in bad luck with his business. But he was very fortunate also, for he got a son who was very thoughtful and, I think, tough life experiences always make a great person.
It is said that this movie is inspired by a true story, and I want to say, this movie does inspire me a lot. What impressed me most are: Christ’s wife left him because of life pressure; Christ’s love to his son and Christ’s strong belief towards life. Through these, I know that it is not easy to be a good husband and a good Papa, since in reality, only love cannot only make everything. And I also learn that one has to strongly believe in himself, no matter how difficult the situation is, but of course, hard-working is indispensable.
这绝对是一部经典的电影 但是有点长 所以我把中文意思也给你 你可以依照自己的喜好节选
《阿甘正传》影评 英文中文对照版
<Forrest Gump> Film review
Forrest Gump who is unfortunately to be born with a lower IQ and the muscle problem, usually, people always think this kind of person can't be successful in doing anything. But, instead, this unlucky man has achieved lots of incredible success, he is a football star, a war hero, and later a millionaire!
In the contention of the best picture of the 67th Oscar Award in 1995, film <Forrest Gump> Have got six Grand Prixes , such as the best picture , the best actor , the best achievement in directing , adapting drama , the best achievement in film editing and the best visual effect bestly ,etc. at one blow . The film was passed to a intellectual disturbance person the description of life has reflected every aspect of U.S.A.'s life, important incident of social political life make and represent to these decades such as U.S.A. from one unique angle. Film adapt Winston · novel of the same name of Groom since. Only the original work is that one is full of fantastic novels with a satiric flavour, but the film modifies and beautifies the story. Have abandoned the absurdity of the original work and revealed that satirizes meaning , have added a kind of tender feeling for the film. This undoubtedly makes the film suit audience and judging panel's taste even more, but has sacrificed the struggle spirit of the rebel of the original work , make the film become one kind and idealize ethical symbol .
Forrest Gump mould incarnation of virtue is honest keeping one's word , conscientiously , brave paying attention to emotioning among film. In the film, Forrest Gump is a very pure image, but Jenny has become the degenerate symbol . And write the great discrepancy originally in this. To all that narrated, since beginning all behave with a kind of tender feeling and well-meaning attitude after all for the film, having even joined poesy composition, this makes the film seem soft and have no injury. The film advocates to traditional moral concept and embodiment. Make film apt to accept by people, director superb lay out skill and film application of language make the film very attractive too. Success with commercial for film content of the film has given security, and the treatment on director's art makes the film more excellent, this is reason that the film succeeds. It was the box-office hits the most in that year to become U.S.A. in < Forrest Gump>.
Tom · Hanks very much sincere naturally performance having among film. He has obtained the laurel of the best actor of Oscar for the behavior in this film. This second movie emperor's money already whom he obtained in succession looks like. Success of < Forrest Gump>, make Tom Hanks become one of the most popular movie stars in Hollywood too. To Tom Hanks, those two years are the luckiest period of time in his performing art careers .
阿甘是一个出生很不幸的人，通常人们总是认为这种人不能成功， 在做任何事情过程中。 但是，相反，这个不幸的人已经取得许多难以置信的成功，他是一个足球明星，一名战争英雄和一个百万富翁！
1995年的第六十七届奥斯卡金像奖最佳影片的角逐中，影片《阿甘正传》一举获得了最佳影片、最佳男主角、最佳导演、最佳改编剧本、最佳剪辑和最佳视觉效果等六项大奖。影片通过对一个存在智力障碍者生活的描述反映了美国生活的方方面面，从一个独特的角度对美国几十年来社会政治生活中的重要事件作了展现。影片改编自温斯顿·格鲁姆的同名小说。只不过原著是一本充满了讽刺意味的荒诞小说，而影片则对故事进行了修饰和美化。摒弃了原著的荒诞和揭露讽刺意味，为影片增添了一种温情。这无疑使影片更合观众和评委的口味，但却牺牲了原著的叛逆斗争精神，使影片成为了一种理想化道德的象征。
阿甘在影片中被塑造成了美德的化身，诚实、守信、认真、勇敢而重视感情。在影片中，阿甘是十分纯洁的形象，而珍妮则成了堕落的象征。这与原著有着极大的出入。对于所叙述的一切，影片自始自终都是以一种温情和善意的态度来表现的，甚至还加入了诗意化的成分，这使得影片显得柔和而无伤害性。影片对传统道德观念的宣扬和体现。使影片变得易为人们所接受，导演高超的编排技巧和电影语言的运用也使影片十分吸引人。影片的内容为影片商业上的成功提供了保证，而导演艺术上的处理也使得影片更加精彩，这就是影片成功的原因所在。《阿甘正传》成了美国当年最为卖座的电影之一。
汤姆·汉克斯在影片中的表演十分朴实自然。他以在此片中的表现获得了奥斯卡最佳男主角的桂冠。这已是他连续获得的第二个影帝金像。《阿甘正传》的成功，也使汤姆·汉克斯成了好莱坞最受欢迎的影星之一。对汤姆·汉克斯来说，那两年是他演艺生涯中最为幸运的一段日子。
《蜘蛛侠2》英语影评
So what's your choice between being a common person or a hero with people's respects? Most people will choose the latter. But what will be your choice if the cost is laying your lover among the risks? What will it be if the cost is you can never tell the girl, who you love so much, that you love her? The spider man had this contradiction. But finally he still chose the latter, not in order to be a hero, but to make this word peaceful.
I was so moved by the words the Aunt Mary said:
You will never guess what he wants to be, the spider man. He knows the hero when he sees one, too a few characters out there, flying all around out there, saving old girls like me. Lord knows kids like Henry need hero courageous, sacrificing for people, setting examples for all of us. Everybody loves a hero. People enthrone them, cheer them, scream their names and years later they will tell how they stood in the rain for hours just to get a glimpse the one who taught them to hold on to stand longer. I believe there is a hero in all of us. They keep us be honest, give us strength, make us noble, and finally allow us to die with proud. Ever though sometimes we have to initiatively give up the thing we want most, even our dreams. Spider man did that for Henry, so he wants to know where he is gone. He needs him.
The spider man got much from these words, so did I. And what about you? what's the hero lying in you?
《勇敢的心》这篇是经典的奥斯卡影片
Brave Heart, the winner of Oscar Prize, is about the war between England and Scotland.
But in the movie, the most important thing is not fighting. It is the pursuit of freedom that attract me most. In the age mentioned in the movie, England ruled Scotland in a cruel way. People in Scotland rebelled.
Wallace, leader of the rebellion, was a real hero. He fought bravely with his soldiers, for neither wealth nor power. What they want the most is that they could live a free life.
After long-time fighting, the rebellion was beaten down and Wallace was arrested. The ruler gave hime a last chance to confess and promised him if he did so, he might not be sentenced.
But what's Wallace's choice. At the last of his life, he abandoned the chance to survive and cried out, 'freedom'. This was the word that all people in Scotland wanted to say.
This movie is my favorite. It tells me that there is something named freedom which is more important than life
《肖恩克的救赎》介绍：
同样也有中文意思
Story takes place in 1947, banker Andy because his wife was having an affair with guns to kill her and her lover, and he was accused of killing his wife and his lover, Andy Pipanwuqi resettlement sentence, which means that he will Shawn prison rest of their lives. Arie 1927 Beipanwuqi resettlement sentence for murder, were released on parole on several occasions without success. Shawn has become a prison, he is now the "authority figures", as long as you can afford to pay the money, he was almost there are ways to be made into anything you want: cigarettes, candy, wine, and even marijuana. Whenever a new prisoner comes, everyone who bet on the first night crying. Arie that the fragile, bookish Andy will cry when the foot a result, Andy's silence so that he lost a four-pack of cigarettes. But also to make Arui him a new light.
Since a long time, Andy is not, and any human contact, while everyone complained about the same time, he was in the yard is a leisurely stroll, as the same as in the park. A month later, Andy please Arui to help him carry out the first thing a small pickaxe, he explained that he would like carving some small things to while away the time, and said that he think of ways to escape the prison The routine inspection. Soon, Arie went on to play Andy carved chess. After Andy has carried out for a Rita. Haihua wire attached to a huge poster of the cell wall.
Time, Andy and the other prisoners out of several labor, he inadvertently heard the prison officer in the taxed talk about things. Andy said he had an approach could allow prison officials to legally remove to a large tax, as the exchange, he was a friend more than a dozen inmates each win two bottles of Tiger beer. Drinking beer, Arie said that over the years, he first felt the sense of freedom.
As Andy proficient in the knowledge of the financial system, and soon made him out of prison and heavy physical labor, and other abnormal prisoners harassment. Soon, Andy notorious for an increasing number of prison guards began to deal with tax issues, and even children's ecational problems came to him for advice. At the same time Andy has also graally become warden warden Shawn important tool for money laundering. As Andy wrote to the governor constantly, and finally to the prison for a small amount of money for the prison library building. Prison life is very flat to talk about, and always want their own to find some things to do. Andy heard the original Arie liked Chuikou Qin, she bought one given to him. After the dead of night, you can hear the melodious sound of the harmonica a slight echoed in prison.
The arrival of a young prisoner Andy broke the quiet life in prison: the inmates at another prison before, when heard Andy's case, he knew who the murderers! But when Andy request to the governor to re-try the case, they were met with refusal, and has been in solitary confinement for two months severely punished. Andy in order to prevent the release of the design at the prison killed an insider!
Face the harsh reality, Andy became very depressed ... ... One day, he Arie said: "If one day you will receive parole, be sure to go somewhere for me to complete a wish. It was the first time I and his wife dating place, to where the big oak tree g up under a box. that when a you know what it is. "That night, wind and rain, thunder rang out, has been the success of the soul salvation Andy Jailbreak .
The original two decades, Andy every day with that the little pickaxe to dig holes and then use the posters will cover the hole. Andy after his release, took the part of black money kept by the warden and the warden was denounced corruption of the truth. Governor kept a small account book in its own coffers to see is Andy left a Bible, placed inside the hollowed out part of the ground into a round that put nearly a mattock.
Arie was released, he found a box under the oak in cash, two old friends finally sunny beach in Mexico, a reunion.
中文翻译：故事发生在1947年，银行家安迪因为妻子有婚外情，用枪杀死了她和她的情人，因此他被指控枪杀了妻子及其情人，安迪被判无期徙刑，这意味着他将在肖恩克监狱中渡过余生。阿瑞1927年因谋杀罪被判无期徙刑，数次假释都未获成功。他现在已经成为肖恩克监狱中的“权威人物”，只要你付得起钱，他几乎有办法搞到任何你想要的东西：香烟，糖果，酒，甚至是大麻。每当有新囚犯来的时候，大家就赌谁会在第一个夜晚哭泣。阿瑞认为弱不禁风、书生气时足的安迪一定会哭，结果安迪的沉默使他输掉了四包烟。但同时也使阿瑞对他另眼相看。
好长时间以来，安迪不和任何人接触，在大家报怨的同时，他在院子里很悠闲地散步，就象在公园里一样。一个月后，安迪请阿瑞帮他搞的第一件东西是一把小的鹤嘴锄，他的解释是他想雕刻一些小东西以消磨时光，并说他自己想办法逃过狱方的例行检查。不久，阿瑞就玩上了安迪刻的国际象棋。之后，安迪又搞了一幅丽塔.海华丝的巨幅海报贴在了牢房的墙上。
一次，安迪和另几个犯人外出劳动，他无意间听到监狱官在讲有关上税的事。安迪说他有办法可以使监狱官合法地免去这一大笔税金，做为交换，他为十几个犯人朋友每人争得了两瓶Tiger啤酒。喝着啤酒，阿瑞说多年来，他又第一次感受到了自由的感觉。
由于安迪精通财务制度方面的的知识，很快使他摆脱了狱中繁重的体力劳动和其它变态囚犯的骚扰。不久，声名远扬的安迪开始为越来越多的狱警处理税务问题，甚至孩子的升学问题也来向他请教。同时安迪也逐步成为肖恩克监狱长沃登洗黑钱的重要工具。由于安迪不停地写信给州长，终于为监狱申请到了一小笔钱用于监狱图书馆的建设。监狱生活非常平谈，总要自己找一些事情来做。安迪听说阿瑞原来很喜欢吹口琴，就买了一把送给他。夜深人静之后，可以听到悠扬而轻微的口琴声回荡在监狱里。
一个年轻犯人的到来打破了安迪平静的狱中生活：这个犯人以前在另一所监狱服刑时听到过安迪的案子，他知道谁是真凶！但当安迪向监狱长提出要求重新审理此案时，却遭到了断然拒绝，并受到了单独禁闭两个月的严重惩罚。为了防止安迪获释，监狱不惜设计害死了知情人！
面对残酷的现实，安迪变得很消沉……有一天，他对阿瑞说：“如果有一天，你可以获得假释，一定要到某个地方替我完成一个心愿。那是我第一次和妻子约会的地方，把那里一棵大橡树下的一个盒子挖出来。到时个你就知道是什么了。”当天夜里，风雨交加，雷声大作，已得到灵魂救赎的安迪越狱成功。
原来二十年来，安迪每天都在用那把小鹤嘴锄挖洞，然后用海报将洞口遮住。安迪出狱后，领走了部分监狱长存的黑钱，并告发了监狱长贪污受贿的真相。监狱长在自己存小账本的保险柜里见到的是安迪留下的一本圣经，里边挖空的部分放这一把几乎磨成圆头的鹤嘴锄。
阿瑞获释了，他在橡树下找到了一盒现金，两个老朋友终于在墨西哥阳光明媚的海滨重逢了。
大哥看我给你介绍的这么多的份上 您采纳我吧 感激不尽
㈢ 世界电影的起源英文介绍
The world film "founded in 1952, formerly known as the motion picture arts clump of translation", is China film home association's hosting of the film professional bimonthly for years heavily influenced by the vast majority of the reader's love, known as stand up to test of time. Domestic comprehensive introced into the world film culture and the first issue of the study.
以下无视之
我是一条傲娇的小尾巴！
我是一条可爱的小尾巴！
我是一条单纯的小尾巴！
我是一条全能的小尾巴！
我是一条天然的小尾巴！
我是一条漂亮的小尾巴！
我是一条温柔的小尾巴！
我是一条爱笑的小尾巴！
㈣ 美国电影史英文版
英译：For a long time, the United States only to the film as a means of entertainment to Hollywood as a story and fantasy proction factories, so first of all note that the movie business value. However, after 70 years, the American film has been great development in academic research. In 1967, both in Washington and Los Angeles have established the American Film Institute (AFI). Film Archive, throughout the United States, including important ones are the New York Museum of Modern Art, Rochester's Eastman Film Archive, the Library of Congress, Washington, Berkeley Pacific Film Archive. 8 large film company has disintegrated or converting 60 years after the
A large number of film and archives donated to the museum and the University Film Studies Center, the study of national film traditions, protect their heritage plays a significant role in the film.
By 1900, Hollywood has a post office, a newspaper, a hotel and two markets, its residents number 500. 100,000 population in Los Angeles in the city, 11 kilometers east. In Hollywood and Los Angeles have only a single-track tram. 1902 Hollywood hotel, now known as the first part of the opening. In 1903, here upgraded to the city's 177 voting residents of the right to vote unanimously endorsed by the "Hollywood," named after whom. That year under the two commands are: In addition to pharmacies in other stores outside the prohibition, and no amount of driving in the streets more than 200 cattle. 1904
A new so-called Hollywood Avenue streetcar opened, so that between the Hollywood and Los Angeles round-trip time significantly shortened. In 1910, Hollywood residents voted to join the Los Angeles. The reason is so that they can be in Los Angeles drinking water and access to adequate drainage facilities.
In 1907, director Francis Burgess led his crew arrived in Los Angeles, filming "Count of Monte Cristo." They found that, where beautiful natural scenery, plenty of light and suitable climate is the natural place for filming. The early 1910s, director David Griffith Biograph company was sent to the West Coast to make a film, he took Lillian Gish, Mary-bi g-fu and other actors came to Los Angeles. They were then looking for a new site, so proceed north, came a warm small town, and that is Hollywood. Biograph company found here in good condition
So back to New York before they filmed several movies. Graally many people in the instry know that invaluable piece of land, to the increasing number of Hollywood movie crew, the U.S. film instry moved to Hollywood's big movement started, Hollywood movies have to be forward.
October 1911, a group from New Jersey to film-makers on the ground that under the leadership of the photographer came to a small Inn called Bu Lang, they will rent the inn converted into a studio look. In this way, they created Hollywood's first film studio - Ernest Pictures.
Since then, many film companies settled in Hollywood, the famous film companies: MGM (Metro Goldwyn Mayer, called MGM), Paramount Pictures (Paramount Pictures, Inc.), Twentieth Century Fox (20th Century Fox), Warner Bros. (Warner Brothers), RKO (Radio Keith Orpheum, referred to as RKO), Universal (Universal), United Artists Corporation (United Artists), Columbia Pictures (Columbia Pictures).
【中文】
关于美国电影
长期以来，美国只把电影看作是娱乐手段，把好莱坞当成生产故事和幻想的工厂，因此首先注意影片的商业价值。但是，70年代前后，美国电影学术研究有了很大的发展。1967年，在华盛顿和洛杉矶两地成立了美国电影研究院（AFI）。电影资料馆遍布全美，其中重要的有纽约现代艺术博物馆、罗切斯特的伊斯曼电影数据馆、华盛顿国会图书馆、伯克利太平洋电影资料馆等。8大影片公司于60年代先后解体或转产之后，影片和档案大量捐赠给上述资料馆和各大学的电影研究中心，对研究本国电影传统、保护本国电影文物起着很大作用。
二十世纪的好莱坞：到1900年，好莱坞已经有一间邮局、一张报纸、一座旅馆和两个市场，其居民数为500人。10万人口的洛杉矶位于市东11公里处。在好莱坞和洛杉矶间只有一条单轨的有轨电车。1902年，今天著名的好莱坞酒店的第一部分开业。1903年，此地升格为市，参加投票的177位有选举权的居民一致赞同以“好莱坞”为之命名。当年下的两条命令是：除药店外其他商店禁酒，及不准在街上驱赶数量多于200的牛群。1904年，一条新的被称为好莱坞大街的有轨电车开业，使好莱坞与洛杉矶间的往返时间大大缩短。1910年，好莱坞的居民投票决定加入洛杉矶。原因是这样他们可以通过洛杉矶取得足够的饮水和获得排水设施。
1907年，导演弗朗西斯·伯格斯带领他的摄制组来到洛杉矶，拍摄《基督山伯爵》。他们发现，这里明媚的自然风光、充足的光线和适宜的气候是拍摄电影的天然场所。1910年代初，导演大卫·格里菲斯被Biograph公司派到西海岸来拍电影，他带着丽莲·吉许、玛丽·璧克馥等演员来到了洛杉矶。他们后来想寻找一块新的地盘，于是向北出发，来到了一个热情的小镇，那就是好莱坞。Biograph公司发现此地条件不错，于是在回纽约前又陆续拍了好几部电影。渐渐许多业内人士都知道了这块宝地，到好莱坞的电影剧组越来越多，美国电影业移师好莱坞的大转移开始，好莱坞向成为电影之都迈进。
1911年10月，一批从新泽西来的电影工作者在当地以为摄影师的带领下，来到一家叫布朗杜的小客栈，他们将租到的客栈改装成一家电影公司的样子。这样，他们创建了好莱坞的第一家电影制片厂——内斯特影片公司。
从那以后，许多电影公司在好莱坞落户，著名的电影公司有：米高梅电影公司（Metro Goldwyn Mayer，简称MGM）、派拉蒙影业公司（Paramount Pictures, Inc.）、二十世纪福克斯公司（20th Century Fox）、华纳兄弟公司（Warner Brothers）、雷电华公司（Radio Keith Orpheum，简称RKO）、环球公司（Universal）、联美公司（United Artists）、哥伦比亚影业公司（Columbia Pictures）。
㈤ 求一篇600字左右英文的商业电影概念和起源、发展。
中国商业电影一个是品质问题一个是模式问题,我觉的像现在的导演,大陆拍商业片的恐怕只有冯小刚算是个半成功的了,不能说全成功是因为他的风格似乎总是过于局限,而电影受众也过于局限,像别的导演,多半文艺片出生,要么现在索性就是文艺片的市场,总是听见某某在国外拿了奖,拿到内地来同样没什么票房.
中国现在的商业片不成气候,撑死了那么几个导演那么几个编剧,而且碍于社会主义好的原则,很多题材都不能拍,也没有那么多的资金来弄.
像我在大学里开音像店,很多印度留学生,且不说这个国家如何,人的素质如何.人家还就是比我们的国人要爱电影,即使老是操着一口发音奇怪的英语来问某某片子,可是电影俨然成为人家生活的一部分.
像现在国内还没有一个统一的电影基地,而电影的编制原则也太过于僵化,哪里有哪个编剧就要一直编剧的,一个好的编剧一辈子就吃死了那么一本好剧本,别的全垃圾还要拿出来拍什么商业大片,搞到最后都是靠媒体优势来拿的票房.
中国商业电影的模式如果一直如此单一,恐怕走不长远.
盼望有好片子诞生,也只怕一直都只能成为一个梦想了.
翻译：
China's commercial film is a quality problem is to model a problem, I feel like now the director of the mainland will only be a commercial movie to be half the success of Feng Xiaogang, and can not say that the whole success is because of his style always seemed too restrictive, while the Film audiences are too limited, like other directors, most artistic film, was born, or is simply a market that is an artistic film, always heard so and so took a prize in foreign countries, to get the same little box office mainland.
China's current commercial films do not come into vogue several directors Chengsi so just a handful of writers, but also because of the good principles of socialism, many subjects can not be beat, nor so much money to get.
As I opened video stores in the university, many Indian students, not to mention how this country, people's qualities. People also is to love people than our movies, even if always, speaking in a strange pronunciation of English to ask a of a film, but the film has become an integral part of life people.
As now there is not a unified national film base, the establishment of the principle of the film is also too rigid and, where there is what writers should have been a screenwriter, a good scriptwriter eat dead life so a good script, do not all garbage to film would be set aside large tracts of what the business, got to the last are the advantages of relying on the media to come and collect at the box office.
Chinese commercial films has always been the case if a single model, I am afraid to go a long-term.
Looking forward to the birth of good films, but also I'm afraid they have been can only be a dream.
㈥ 用英文介绍一下电影历史
早期无声片
软性电影
早期类型影片
费穆的“儒家电影”
传教电影
李香兰和“满映”电影
持摄影机的人们
先锋实验电影
自己翻译下
㈦ 求电影发展历史的资料，一定要英文的啊
在附件里了，希望帮到你。
㈧ 急急急！！十分钟！电影各种信息（电影的起源等）要英文的 简短的
History of Motion Pictures
I INTRODUCTION
History of Motion Pictures, historical development of the visual medium known as motion pictures, film, cinema, or the movies. This article covers the medium’s history as a technology, as a business, as an art form, and as a means of delivering entertainment and information to audiences in theaters and at home. It discusses major filmmakers and their films, principal fiction and nonfiction genres, and film instries in the United States and throughout the world. For more information on the technical aspects involved in creating a film, see Motion Picture.
II ORIGINS
In the early 19th century scientists took note of a visual phenomenon: A sequence of indivial still pictures, when set in motion, can give the illusion of movement. These scientists attributed this experience to what they called persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. The eye’s retention of a visual image, now known as positive afterimage, has long been considered a founding principle of motion pictures, even though its relationship to the perception of motion is still not well understood.
A Early Experiments
The persistence of vision concept stimulated experimentation with motion-picture devices throughout the 19th century. Among the first such devices was a slotted disk with a sequence of drawings around its perimeter. When a person spun the disk in front of a mirror and looked through the slots, the drawings appeared to move. The zoetrope, a device developed in the 1830s, was a hollow drum with a strip of pictures around its inner surface. When spun, it proced the same effect. In the 1870s French inventor Émile Reynaud improved on this idea by placing mirrors at the center of the drum. A few years later he developed a projecting version, using a reflector and a lens to enlarge the moving images. In 1892 he began holding public screenings in Paris at his Théâtre Optique, with hundreds of drawings on a reel that he wound through his apparatus to construct moving images that continued for 15 minutes.
Inventors began to conceive of combining the principles of these moving-image devices with the photographic recording of actual movement soon after the development of still photography in the 1830s. The most famous experiment occurred in the 1870s in California, where railroad tycoon Leland Stanford hired British photographer Eadweard Muybridge to settle a bet on whether a galloping horse ever had all four feet off the ground. Muybridge set up 12 cameras along a racetrack and spread threads across the track with a contact to each camera’s shutter. Moving along the track, the horse broke the threads and caused a sequence of photographs to be taken. The photos showed the horse with all four feet off the ground, and Muybridge went on a lecture tour showing his photographs on a moving-image device he called the zoopraxiscope.
Muybridge’s endeavors stimulated French scientist Étienne-Jules Marey to devise equipment for recording and analyzing animal and human movement. He built what he called a chronophotographic camera that could take multiple images superimposed on one another. His work was aided in turn by developments in photographic materials. In 1885 American inventor George Eastman introced sensitized paper roll “film” in place of the indivial glass plates then in use. In 1889 Eastman replaced the paper roll with celluloid, a synthetic plastic material coated with a gelatin emulsion.
B Thomas Alva Edison and William K. L. Dickson
Legendary American inventor Thomas Alva Edison drew upon the work of Muybridge, Marey, and Eastman when he turned his attention to motion pictures in the late 1880s. In his laboratories in West Orange, New Jersey, Edison assigned to a British employee, William K. L. Dickson, the task of constructing a machine for recording actual movement on film and another machine for viewing the resulting images. By 1891 Dickson had proced a motion-picture camera, called the Kinetograph, and a viewing machine, bbed the Kinetoscope.
The Kinetograph was operated by an electric motor that moved the celluloid film roll past the camera lens. Motor-driven cameras, which were bulky and stationary, were soon replaced by movable hand-cranked cameras. Dickson’s key contribution was a sprocket mechanism linked to the camera’s shutter, which momentarily stopped the film roll for each exposure. These separate still photographic images came to be called frames. Early cameras used a number of different speeds for exposing frames, but by the advent of sound film in the late 1920s the standard had become 24 frames per second.
In early 1893 Edison constructed a motion-picture studio on his laboratory grounds, bbed the Black Maria by his staff who thought it resembled police patrol wagons known by that nickname. On May 9, 1893, he held the first public exhibition of films shot using the Kinetograph in the Black Maria. But only one person at a time could use his viewing machine, the Kinetoscope. This boxlike structure contained a motor-and-shutter mechanism similar to the camera’s. It ran a loop of positive film past an electric light source, illuminating a tiny image, which the viewer observed through a small window. Kinetoscope viewing parlors containing many machines for indivial viewing began to open in cities in 1894. Edison and Dickson apparently gave little thought to a single machine that could project moving images to a large audience, something Reynaud had achieved in his Théâtre Optique. Reynaud, however, had displayed drawings rather than images photographed by a motion-picture camera.
C The Lumière Brothers
In France, the brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière, who ran a factory in Lyons that manufactured photographic equipment, sought to improve on Edison’s accomplishment. By 1895 they developed a lightweight, hand-held camera that used a claw mechanism to advance the film roll. They named it the Cinématographe, and they soon discovered that it could also be used to show large images on a screen, when linked with projecting equipment. Throughout 1895 they shot films and projected them for select groups. Their first screening for the general public was held in Paris in December 1895.
Elsewhere other inventors were also busy. In Germany, the brothers Emil and Max Skladanowsky devised an apparatus and projected films in Berlin in November 1895. In Britain, a machine developed by Birt Acres and Robert W. Paul was used to project films in London in January 1896. In the United States, a projector called the Vitascope was constructed around the same time by Charles Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat. Armat then entered into a commercial alliance with Edison to manufacture the Vitascope, and the device exhibited projected motion pictures in New York City in April 1896.
The Lumière brothers held a unique place among all these simultaneous efforts, since they were innovative filmmakers as well as inventors and manufacturers. The many films they made ring 1895 and 1896, though very short, are considered pivotal in the history of motion pictures. Arroseur et arrosé (Waterer and Watered, 1896), a brief comedy drawn from a newspaper cartoon, shows a gardener getting drenched with a hose as the result of a boy’s prank. La sortie de l’usine Lumière à Lyon (Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory, 1895) and Arrivée d’un train en gare (Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat, 1896), which shows a train coming to a station and passengers getting off, were among the so-called actuality films—films that depicted actual events rather than a story told by actors—for which the Lumières became noted.
III ONE-REELERS
During the decade following the advent of projected motion pictures, films were shown as part of vaudeville or variety programs, at carnivals and fairgrounds, in lecture halls and churches, and graally in spaces converted for the exclusive exhibition of movies. Most films ran no longer than 10 to 12 minutes, which reflected the amount of film that could be wound on a standard reel for projection (hence the term one-reelers). Many were comedies or actualities, following the Lumière brothers’ example. Their purpose was spectacle—to show something astounding, unusual, titillating, or perhaps newsworthy. But filmmakers also struck out in new directions, especially toward fantasy and narrative.
French magician and filmmaker Georges Méliès was the outstanding creator of fantasy films in early cinema. Méliès exploited the new medium to enhance his magic acts through techniques such as stop-motion photography—interrupting the camera’s action and moving or substituting people and objects—so that, for example, a woman appeared to turn into a skeleton. He created elaborate backdrops with multiple scenes and costume changes for these so-called trick films that were widely emulated by other filmmakers. Of the hundreds of works he made between 1896 and 1912, perhaps the best-known is Le voyage dans la lune (A Trip to the Moon, 1902), which in one scene features the animated human face of the moon being struck in the eye by a rocket.
In the United States, a former projectionist and traveling exhibitor, Edwin S. Porter, took charge of motion-picture proction at Edison’s company in 1901 and began making longer films that told a story. As with Méliès’s films, these required multiple shots that could be edited into a narrative sequence. Porter’s most notable film—and the most famous work of early cinema—was The Great Train Robbery (1903), which is credited with establishing movies as a commercial entertainment medium. With its rapid shifts of location, including action on a moving train, this film offered spectators a breadth and immediacy of vision that became hallmarks of the cinema experience.
Spurred by The Great Train Robbery and subsequent story films, film exhibition greatly expanded in the United States around 1905. One phenomenon was the proliferation of nickelodeon theaters, converted storefronts in instrial cities that charged 5 cents for admission and attracted working-class audiences. Demand from these theaters increased the volume of film proction and the profits for procers, but it also brought forth criticism from reformers concerning unsanitary or unsafe conditions in theaters and immoral subject matter in films. In 1908 Edison took the lead in establishing the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), a consortium of procers with common goals: controlling proction and distribution so as to eliminate cheap theaters, raising admission prices, cooperating with censorship bodies, and preventing film stock from getting into the hands of nonmember procers. However, the independent procers excluded from the MPPC continued to obtain materials and make the most popular films. They also led the way toward multireel, feature-length films. By 1915 the MPPC was under attack by the U.S. government as an illegal monopoly (although an ineffectual one), and the independents were combining into the companies that would dominate American filmmaking for decades to come.
IV SILENT MOVIES
With a few experimental exceptions, motion pictures from their earliest days until the late 1920s lacked synchronous sound (sound that matches the action). But silent movies were rarely silent. Early films almost always were projected with piano or organ accompaniment, and sometimes also with a narrator or live actors behind the screen. As feature-length films (four reels, with a running time of 40 to 50 minutes or more) became the norm in the 1910s, live orchestras began to play in larger theaters, frequently using music written specifically for the film.
Until World War I (1914-1918) European filmmakers dominated the world film market. France was considered the leading film-procing country, though Italy, Denmark, and other countries also played a significant role. However, the war, fought on European soil, disrupted commercial filmmaking there. With a sudden drop in European film exports, some regions, such as Latin America, experienced a brief surge in film proction. But U.S. companies soon took over markets overseas, using the same tactics of high-volume proction and lower prices that the Europeans had. By the 1920s some three-quarters of films screened around the world came from the United States.
A American Silent Movies
Even before the war, the United States had made its mark on the world filmmaking scene with epics and comedies. Moreover, U.S. moviemakers had begun to congregate in southern California in the Los Angeles suburb of Hollywood (see The Move to Hollywood, below), creating a film community apart from older urban centers of politics and the arts, and a magical new symbol for popular entertainment and glamour.
A1 D. W. Griffith
The work of D. W. Griffith exemplifies the transformation of motion pictures from the early days of one-reelers to an era of Hollywood’s worldwide dominance. Starting out as an actor in films directed by Edwin S. Porter, Griffith in 1908 became a director at the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in New York City. He was initially responsible for turning out two one-reel films a week, and between 1908 and 1913 he directed nearly 500 films. Amidst this breakneck schele, he and his co-workers developed many of the cinema’s basic storytelling conventions: moving the camera close to the action, using many separate shots, and editing the shots to cut back and forth among different actions. All these techniques served to shape a narrative, rather than present a spectacle as earlier films had tended to do. Griffith also nurtured performers such as Mary Pickford and Lillian Gish and emphasized an intimate, restrained style of acting suitable for camera close-ups.
Leaving Biograph in 1913 to make full-length features, Griffith planned a historical epic of the American Civil War (1861-1865). The Birth of a Nation (1915), three hours in length, stunned audiences with its dazzling spectacle of a still-recent event and established motion pictures as an art form for cultured spectators. Yet the film’s racist presumptions—specifically, its defense of white supremacy to protect racial purity—was controversial in its own time and remains repugnant decades later. Griffith made another epic, Intolerance (1916), which intertwined four stories about victims of prejudice, and continued to work as an independent filmmaker into the 1920s. Eventually, financial pressures forced him to become a director at a Hollywood studio, and he made his last film in 1931.
字数限制，没办法全发给你，如需要请留言。
㈨ 英文电影发展史
这个也太有难度了吧，非得专业人士不行啊，建议你还是直接娶你老师那边索要得了，呵呵，大不了请吃顿饭完事！
㈩ 电影的历史,用英语如何表达
the history of movie