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電影發展史英文版

發布時間:2023-08-27 09:14:50

A. 幫忙找電影發展史的英語版本,萬分感謝

History of Motion Pictures
I INTRODUCTION

History of Motion Pictures, historical development of the visual medium known as motion pictures, film, cinema, or the movies. This article covers the medium』s history as a technology, as a business, as an art form, and as a means of delivering entertainment and information to audiences in theaters and at home. It discusses major filmmakers and their films, principal fiction and nonfiction genres, and film instries in the United States and throughout the world. For more information on the technical aspects involved in creating a film, see Motion Picture.

II ORIGINS

In the early 19th century scientists took note of a visual phenomenon: A sequence of indivial still pictures, when set in motion, can give the illusion of movement. These scientists attributed this experience to what they called persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. The eye』s retention of a visual image, now known as positive afterimage, has long been considered a founding principle of motion pictures, even though its relationship to the perception of motion is still not well understood.

A Early Experiments

The persistence of vision concept stimulated experimentation with motion-picture devices throughout the 19th century. Among the first such devices was a slotted disk with a sequence of drawings around its perimeter. When a person spun the disk in front of a mirror and looked through the slots, the drawings appeared to move. The zoetrope, a device developed in the 1830s, was a hollow drum with a strip of pictures around its inner surface. When spun, it proced the same effect. In the 1870s French inventor Émile Reynaud improved on this idea by placing mirrors at the center of the drum. A few years later he developed a projecting version, using a reflector and a lens to enlarge the moving images. In 1892 he began holding public screenings in Paris at his Théâtre Optique, with hundreds of drawings on a reel that he wound through his apparatus to construct moving images that continued for 15 minutes.

Inventors began to conceive of combining the principles of these moving-image devices with the photographic recording of actual movement soon after the development of still photography in the 1830s. The most famous experiment occurred in the 1870s in California, where railroad tycoon Leland Stanford hired British photographer Eadweard Muybridge to settle a bet on whether a galloping horse ever had all four feet off the ground. Muybridge set up 12 cameras along a racetrack and spread threads across the track with a contact to each camera』s shutter. Moving along the track, the horse broke the threads and caused a sequence of photographs to be taken. The photos showed the horse with all four feet off the ground, and Muybridge went on a lecture tour showing his photographs on a moving-image device he called the zoopraxiscope.

Muybridge』s endeavors stimulated French scientist Étienne-Jules Marey to devise equipment for recording and analyzing animal and human movement. He built what he called a chronophotographic camera that could take multiple images superimposed on one another. His work was aided in turn by developments in photographic materials. In 1885 American inventor George Eastman introced sensitized paper roll 「film」 in place of the indivial glass plates then in use. In 1889 Eastman replaced the paper roll with celluloid, a synthetic plastic material coated with a gelatin emulsion.

B Thomas Alva Edison and William K. L. Dickson

Legendary American inventor Thomas Alva Edison drew upon the work of Muybridge, Marey, and Eastman when he turned his attention to motion pictures in the late 1880s. In his laboratories in West Orange, New Jersey, Edison assigned to a British employee, William K. L. Dickson, the task of constructing a machine for recording actual movement on film and another machine for viewing the resulting images. By 1891 Dickson had proced a motion-picture camera, called the Kinetograph, and a viewing machine, bbed the Kinetoscope.

The Kinetograph was operated by an electric motor that moved the celluloid film roll past the camera lens. Motor-driven cameras, which were bulky and stationary, were soon replaced by movable hand-cranked cameras. Dickson』s key contribution was a sprocket mechanism linked to the camera』s shutter, which momentarily stopped the film roll for each exposure. These separate still photographic images came to be called frames. Early cameras used a number of different speeds for exposing frames, but by the advent of sound film in the late 1920s the standard had become 24 frames per second.

In early 1893 Edison constructed a motion-picture studio on his laboratory grounds, bbed the Black Maria by his staff who thought it resembled police patrol wagons known by that nickname. On May 9, 1893, he held the first public exhibition of films shot using the Kinetograph in the Black Maria. But only one person at a time could use his viewing machine, the Kinetoscope. This boxlike structure contained a motor-and-shutter mechanism similar to the camera』s. It ran a loop of positive film past an electric light source, illuminating a tiny image, which the viewer observed through a small window. Kinetoscope viewing parlors containing many machines for indivial viewing began to open in cities in 1894. Edison and Dickson apparently gave little thought to a single machine that could project moving images to a large audience, something Reynaud had achieved in his Théâtre Optique. Reynaud, however, had displayed drawings rather than images photographed by a motion-picture camera.

C The Lumière Brothers

In France, the brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière, who ran a factory in Lyons that manufactured photographic equipment, sought to improve on Edison』s accomplishment. By 1895 they developed a lightweight, hand-held camera that used a claw mechanism to advance the film roll. They named it the Cinématographe, and they soon discovered that it could also be used to show large images on a screen, when linked with projecting equipment. Throughout 1895 they shot films and projected them for select groups. Their first screening for the general public was held in Paris in December 1895.

Elsewhere other inventors were also busy. In Germany, the brothers Emil and Max Skladanowsky devised an apparatus and projected films in Berlin in November 1895. In Britain, a machine developed by Birt Acres and Robert W. Paul was used to project films in London in January 1896. In the United States, a projector called the Vitascope was constructed around the same time by Charles Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat. Armat then entered into a commercial alliance with Edison to manufacture the Vitascope, and the device exhibited projected motion pictures in New York City in April 1896.

The Lumière brothers held a unique place among all these simultaneous efforts, since they were innovative filmmakers as well as inventors and manufacturers. The many films they made ring 1895 and 1896, though very short, are considered pivotal in the history of motion pictures. Arroseur et arrosé (Waterer and Watered, 1896), a brief comedy drawn from a newspaper cartoon, shows a gardener getting drenched with a hose as the result of a boy』s prank. La sortie de l』usine Lumière à Lyon (Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory, 1895) and Arrivée d』un train en gare (Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat, 1896), which shows a train coming to a station and passengers getting off, were among the so-called actuality films—films that depicted actual events rather than a story told by actors—for which the Lumières became noted.

III ONE-REELERS

During the decade following the advent of projected motion pictures, films were shown as part of vaudeville or variety programs, at carnivals and fairgrounds, in lecture halls and churches, and graally in spaces converted for the exclusive exhibition of movies. Most films ran no longer than 10 to 12 minutes, which reflected the amount of film that could be wound on a standard reel for projection (hence the term one-reelers). Many were comedies or actualities, following the Lumière brothers』 example. Their purpose was spectacle—to show something astounding, unusual, titillating, or perhaps newsworthy. But filmmakers also struck out in new directions, especially toward fantasy and narrative.

French magician and filmmaker Georges Méliès was the outstanding creator of fantasy films in early cinema. Méliès exploited the new medium to enhance his magic acts through techniques such as stop-motion photography—interrupting the camera』s action and moving or substituting people and objects—so that, for example, a woman appeared to turn into a skeleton. He created elaborate backdrops with multiple scenes and costume changes for these so-called trick films that were widely emulated by other filmmakers. Of the hundreds of works he made between 1896 and 1912, perhaps the best-known is Le voyage dans la lune (A Trip to the Moon, 1902), which in one scene features the animated human face of the moon being struck in the eye by a rocket.

In the United States, a former projectionist and traveling exhibitor, Edwin S. Porter, took charge of motion-picture proction at Edison』s company in 1901 and began making longer films that told a story. As with Méliès』s films, these required multiple shots that could be edited into a narrative sequence. Porter』s most notable film—and the most famous work of early cinema—was The Great Train Robbery (1903), which is credited with establishing movies as a commercial entertainment medium. With its rapid shifts of location, including action on a moving train, this film offered spectators a breadth and immediacy of vision that became hallmarks of the cinema experience.

Spurred by The Great Train Robbery and subsequent story films, film exhibition greatly expanded in the United States around 1905. One phenomenon was the proliferation of nickelodeon theaters, converted storefronts in instrial cities that charged 5 cents for admission and attracted working-class audiences. Demand from these theaters increased the volume of film proction and the profits for procers, but it also brought forth criticism from reformers concerning unsanitary or unsafe conditions in theaters and immoral subject matter in films. In 1908 Edison took the lead in establishing the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), a consortium of procers with common goals: controlling proction and distribution so as to eliminate cheap theaters, raising admission prices, cooperating with censorship bodies, and preventing film stock from getting into the hands of nonmember procers. However, the independent procers excluded from the MPPC continued to obtain materials and make the most popular films. They also led the way toward multireel, feature-length films. By 1915 the MPPC was under attack by the U.S. government as an illegal monopoly (although an ineffectual one), and the independents were combining into the companies that would dominate American filmmaking for decades to come.

IV SILENT MOVIES

With a few experimental exceptions, motion pictures from their earliest days until the late 1920s lacked synchronous sound (sound that matches the action). But silent movies were rarely silent. Early films almost always were projected with piano or organ accompaniment, and sometimes also with a narrator or live actors behind the screen. As feature-length films (four reels, with a running time of 40 to 50 minutes or more) became the norm in the 1910s, live orchestras began to play in larger theaters, frequently using music written specifically for the film.

Until World War I (1914-1918) European filmmakers dominated the world film market. France was considered the leading film-procing country, though Italy, Denmark, and other countries also played a significant role. However, the war, fought on European soil, disrupted commercial filmmaking there. With a sudden drop in European film exports, some regions, such as Latin America, experienced a brief surge in film proction. But U.S. companies soon took over markets overseas, using the same tactics of high-volume proction and lower prices that the Europeans had. By the 1920s some three-quarters of films screened around the world came from the United States.

A American Silent Movies

Even before the war, the United States had made its mark on the world filmmaking scene with epics and comedies. Moreover, U.S. moviemakers had begun to congregate in southern California in the Los Angeles suburb of Hollywood (see The Move to Hollywood, below), creating a film community apart from older urban centers of politics and the arts, and a magical new symbol for popular entertainment and glamour.

A1 D. W. Griffith

The work of D. W. Griffith exemplifies the transformation of motion pictures from the early days of one-reelers to an era of Hollywood』s worldwide dominance. Starting out as an actor in films directed by Edwin S. Porter, Griffith in 1908 became a director at the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in New York City. He was initially responsible for turning out two one-reel films a week, and between 1908 and 1913 he directed nearly 500 films. Amidst this breakneck schele, he and his co-workers developed many of the cinema』s basic storytelling conventions: moving the camera close to the action, using many separate shots, and editing the shots to cut back and forth among different actions. All these techniques served to shape a narrative, rather than present a spectacle as earlier films had tended to do. Griffith also nurtured performers such as Mary Pickford and Lillian Gish and emphasized an intimate, restrained style of acting suitable for camera close-ups.

Leaving Biograph in 1913 to make full-length features, Griffith planned a historical epic of the American Civil War (1861-1865). The Birth of a Nation (1915), three hours in length, stunned audiences with its dazzling spectacle of a still-recent event and established motion pictures as an art form for cultured spectators. Yet the film』s racist presumptions—specifically, its defense of white supremacy to protect racial purity—was controversial in its own time and remains repugnant decades later. Griffith made another epic, Intolerance (1916), which intertwined four stories about victims of prejudice, and continued to work as an independent filmmaker into the 1920s. Eventually, financial pressures forced him to become a director at a Hollywood studio, and he made his last film in 1931.

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B. 中國電影的歷史 最好有英文版的.急!大家幫幫忙,謝謝了!

中國電影的開端(1896-1921)
1896年,盧米爾兄弟僱用了二十個助手前往五大洲去放映電影。在西方商人擴大市場商業策略推動下,傳入了中國。隨後,很多歐美商人見中國的放映業有利可圖,紛紛來華投資。在此期間,雖然外商在中國電影市場占據了壟斷地位,但亦阻止不了我國電影活動的開始。中國電影一開始,就和中國傳統的戲曲和說唱藝術結合起來,發展出一套獨特的電影類型。此外,他們也開始拍攝劇情短片和長片,對電影這種藝術作最初步的探索和嘗試。
中國電影的發展時期(1922-1926)
第一次世界大戰之後,一度繁榮的民族資本工業,在國內軍閥混戰和帝國主義的入侵下,再度失控。在這個情況下,民族資本急於尋投資的出路,電影的投資為它們帶來了生機。他們扭轉以往將電影視為游戲業的觀念,認為電影是一種"將要成為一股普及全世界的"文化企業"。他們開辦的電影公司當中,雖然許多都是"一片"公司,甚至一部電影也沒有拍成。但是眾多公司的出現,造就中國電影的第一個"繁盛時期"。在商業投資的背下,擁有不同藝術主張和製片方向的電影流派紛紛涌現,聚集在不同的電影公司中。其中最有影響力的有以下幾家:以文人氣質為特色的民新公司;以人情倫理、潛移默化為主導的神州公司;刻意追求畫面視覺效果的上海影戲公司;以"歐化"為主要特徵的大中華百合公司;對舊文化和傳統有特殊偏好的天一公司,以及影響極大,以通俗社會片為特色的明星公司;這些電影公司雖然在創作主張上分開流派,但是在創作重點上則由過去的短片製作轉移到長片製作上。而且這幾家公司也初具規模,形成了一個在製片、發行和放映上漸有系統的電影工業。
中國電影的危機時期(1927-1930)
1927年發生的4.12政變,北伐戰爭失敗,國共合作破裂。時局驟變的情況之下,中國電影界的方向亦發生改變,陷入危機。1928年明星公司攝制《火燒紅蓮寺》在商業上獲得成功。這部影片是根據平江不肖生所著著的"江湖奇俠傳"改編攝制而成的,同年5月公映。明星公司也"不料一出之後,遠近轟動。於是一集一集地續拍下去,竟達十八集之多。當其他公司發現武俠片不但能迎合大眾市場,而且也受南洋片商歡迎的時候。紛紛開拍"神怪片"和"武俠片",.代替了曾經風靡一時的"古裝片"和"愛情片"。此後,"聯華"主張的"復興國片"運動,宗旨是"改革神怪、迷信、凶惡、打殺之國片作風","提倡藝術、宣揚文化、啟發民智、挽救影業",其拍攝的電影多為「新派電影」。
左翼電影運動(1932-1937)
中國左翼電影運動是中國左翼文化運動的一個延伸和發展。1931年9.18事變和1932年1.28事變爆發之後,促醒了民族意識,很多電影觀眾對電影界的神怪武俠片泛濫的不滿,提出"猛醒救國"。通過一系列的活動,左翼電影工作者已開始可以在電影製作和觀影意識上影響著中國電影的發展。1933年3月,中共史央文委成立以沈端先為組長的電影小組。同年,估計各電影公司總共製作的70餘部電影中,具有左翼思想和進步傾向的約佔了三分之二。所以這一年又被稱"中國電影年"。此期間偏重於拍攝直接觸機社會問題的電影。整個左翼電影運動的時期的電影,是真實地反映當時社會動盪不安的局面,鼓勵了抗日運動,是中國現實主義電影的延續。
中國抗戰電影(1937-1945)
抗日戰爭的爆發,使中國的電影基地上海的大部份電影公司遭到破壞而停止運作,中國電影的格局發生明顯變化。隨著電影人的分散和聚合,重聚於國民黨統治區內的武漢和重慶、南下香港、或繼續留在上海,避入上海的"孤島"中繼續從事電影創作。抗日戰爭爆發後,上海電影戲劇工作者首先成立救亡組織,拍攝抗戰電影。到內地進行抗日宣傳。拍攝一系列抗戰新聞和記錄片。而且這些電影人還在1938年1月組成了中華全國電影界抗敵協會,使電影界的目標和方向更清晰明確。1937至1941年間,"孤島"中先後出現的製片公司竟多達20多家。出產的影片的達240部左右。其大多是粗製濫造的"古裝片",只有少數像《木蘭從軍》、《花濺淚》、《亂世風光》、《孔夫子》等是製作認真、宣傳文族大義的影片。1938年秋,在周恩來和和荷蘭著名電影大師約里斯.伊文思的策劃和協助下成立延安電影團。在膠片、器材缺乏下,電影團仍然深入敵後戰斗前線,拍攝新聞片、記錄片和故事片共20多部。其中較著名的有《南泥灣》、《白求恩大夫》、《延安與八路軍》等。1939年延安成立放映隊。1945年,新四軍和華中根據地也開始有電影活動,主要是拍攝一些新聞和記錄片。
戰後的中國電影(1946-1949)
1945年8月15日,雖然日本宣布無條件投降,結束了八年抗日戰爭,但是國共兩黨的內戰旋即展開,社會依然動盪不安。電影企業劃分為解放區、國民政府、民營三類。民營電影企業方面,最重要的兩家是昆侖和文華。昆侖的作品之中,以宏大氣魄的電影史詩和忠於現實主義的影片最為著名。前者的代表作有《一江春水向東流》、《八千里路雲和月》這樣的敘事史詩;後者有"萬家燈火","青山翠谷"這樣的現實美學佳作。"文華影業公司"製作的電影多是將人的描述成為主體,戰爭往往會被推到後景。其中代表作有費穆的《小城之春》,岳峰,陳翼青的"巫山夢回"等。在解放區內, 拍攝的電影類型是以故事片、美術片、科教片、譯製片等等。1949年4月,東影開始著手拍攝新中國的第一部電影《橋》。
中國電影沉寂期(1950-1980)
電影工作者失去了對現實的批判精神。由於不能寫社會主義制度的弊病,「通俗劇」作家、導演顯得無用武之地。這時期的電影重在表現道德沖突中對立的兩極。
中國電影恢復期(1981-1989)
「解構主義」風行。80年代的總體趨勢是五四「通俗劇」的復興。但新一代導演要超越「通俗劇」那種大喜大悲的模式,因為現實生活中本不是那樣簡單。這就使得觀眾在觀看電影時需要更多的思考。
中國電影進軍世界的時期(1990- )
1990年,張藝謀執導的《菊豆》獲奧斯卡最佳外語片提名,開中國電影入圍、角逐奧斯卡之先例。中國電影開始充斥世界各大影展,中國電影全面發展。電影導演選擇一個懸置而不移動的主體位置,藉此成就一幅雙重文化認同中的歷史景觀,巧妙地在雙重認同與雙重解讀之間,縫合起東方與西方,本土與世界。

C. 求 英文版的世界電影簡史 快!

世界電影簡史
1895~1910
● 12月28日盧米埃在巴黎大咖啡廳放映自製的十部影片(1895)
● 第一家專映有聲電影的「留聲影院」在法國成立(1900)
● 柏格森之喜劇論文《論笑》發表(1900)
● 維他公司vitagraph成立(1900)
● 愛德溫.波特的《美國消防員生活》採用復雜的戶外拍攝鏡頭,並以溶的手法連接鏡頭,開啟之後劇情片的拍攝手法(1902)
● 四月,美國第一家長期放映電影的戲院「電化劇場」在洛杉磯開幕,由湯瑪斯.陶利創立
(1902)
● 傳記公司開始在室內攝影棚使用人工燈光(1903)
● 美國第一家「五分錢戲院」在匹茲堡設立(1905)
● 愛彌兒.考爾正試探動畫影片的可能性(1905)
● 第一部卡通影片:《做鬼臉的步驟》,由詹姆士.史都華.布萊頓製作完成(1906)
● 李狄佛斯特發明的音管,指出電子聲音擴音的可能性(1906)
● 澳洲的第一部警匪片《大盜凱利的故事》完成,長度約一小時(1906)
● 此年估計每周約有八千萬美國人光顧五分錢戲院(當時美國人口約一億人),而全美已有五千家以上的五分錢戲院(1907)
● 葛理菲斯到傳記公司工作,因為影片生場量大,於是發展出分工模式,使得電影導演首度由不懂機器的人來擔任(1907)
● 美國「國家檢查局」成立(1907)
● 法國開始製作舞台式的藝術電影(1907)
● 愛迪生合組「電影專利公司」,授權拍攝、發行與放映電影(1908)
● 「火車大劫案」導演愛德溫.波特與愛迪生公司決裂,愛迪生公司不久後停止拍片。至此初始電影漸被劇情片取代(1909)
● 卡爾.德蘭姆利用IMP公司旗下的女演員:法倫絲.羅蘭斯的假死亡消息,造成明星風潮
(1910)
● 葛理菲斯率領公司的演員與工作人員到洛杉磯定居,許多電影公司相繼搬到加洲的好萊塢地方發展(1910)

重要作品:
《月球之旅》A Trip to the Moon
1900/梅里葉/法國/黑白
《美國消防員的生活》The Life of an American Fireman
1903/愛德溫.波特/美國/黑白
《火車大劫案》The Great Train Robbery
1903/愛德溫.波特/美國/黑白
第一部西部片的誕生。
《靈犬救主記》Rescued by Rover
1905/西希.赫普渥斯/英國/黑白
開創在屏幕上說故事的技巧,是葛里菲斯之前剪輯最巧妙的作品。
《鷹巢歷險記》The Eagle's Nest
1908/愛德溫.波特/美國/黑白
內容描述營救被老鷹捉去的嬰兒的過程,葛里菲斯演出並在此片中學習到導演的技巧。

1911~1920
● 華納兄弟開始製作電影(1912)
● 第一本電影雜志《影劇》在美國問世(1912)
● 賽納特的基斯東公司成立(1912)
● 阿道夫.索克成立「名人公司」(1912)
● 威廉.福斯成立「票房誘力公司」(1912)
● 賽納特製作第一部美國喜劇長片《泰莉的傷心羅曼史》,使卓別林踏上明星之路(1912)
● 美國「環球公司」成立(1912)
● 葛理菲斯成立自己的電影公司(1913)
● 西席.地米爾為了拍攝《番妻記》至加州,以每月七十五元租下好萊塢谷場(1913)
● 達達沙赫.法蘭克完成第一部印度電影,器材則全部由英國進口(1913)
● 第一家重要的新型豪華戲院「河濱戲院」建於百老匯(1914)
● 霍金遜成立派拉蒙公司(1914)
● ●貝拉斯哥的燈光技術師布克蘭至好萊塢(1914)
● 梅里葉拍完他的最後一部電影(1914)
● 第一次世界大戰讓許多國家管制敵國電影進口,間接為本國電影保留了發展空間(1914)
● 卡爾.蘭姆建立宏大的環球攝影城(1915)
● 「電影專利公司」被法院宣判違反托拉斯法,宣布倒閉(1915)
● 葛理菲斯,英斯與賽納特成立鐵三角影業公司(1915)
● 「票房誘力公司」改名為「福斯公司」(1915)
● 1915~1917之間確立了好萊塢的經濟模式(1915)
● 哈佛大學心理學家雨果.孟斯特堡寫下《電影劇-心理的研究》(1916)
● 艾倫.瑞在《萬神殿》中改良貝拉斯哥式布景(1916)
● 卓別林至轉至「互助公司」發展(1916)
● 德國政府成立「烏發製片公司」,開始拍攝戰爭宣傳影片,以壓制國內的反戰聲浪
(1918)

還有很多,具體見:參考資料

D. 關於美國電影發展史

美國電影發展史 分為早期美國無聲電影 ,早期有聲電影 1、早期電影導演格里菲斯、T.H.英斯和塞納特對美國早期電影的發展作出了貢獻。C.卓別林於1914年拍攝了第一部影片《謀生》,立即吸引了全世界觀眾。1919年,卓別林、D.范朋克、壁克馥3位著名演員和格里菲斯一道創辦了聯美公司,以發行他們獨立製作的影片。20年代,美國影片生產的結構從以導演為中心逐步轉化為以製片人為中心的體制。「製片人中心」模式形成了20年代的「明星制度」,各大公司均擁有一批明星。嚴格的審查制度使美國無聲電影的主要成就表現在喜劇片、西部片和歷史片3個方面。喜劇片的佳作首推卓別林的《尋子遇仙記》(1921)、《淘金記》(1925)和《馬戲團》(1928),基登的《航海者》(1924)和《將軍》(1926),H.勞埃德的《大學新生》(1925);西部片主要有《篷車》(1923)、《鐵騎》(1924)和《小馬快郵》(1925)等;歷史片有C.B.地密爾的《十誡》(1923)和《萬王之王》(1927),格里菲斯的《暴風雨中的孤兒們》(1922),R.英格蘭姆的《啟示錄四騎士》(1921)等。 第一次世界大戰後,不少歐洲導演陸續來到好萊塢,他們的才能不同程度地受到了製片公司的抑制和扼殺。他們和美國導演一道,拍攝出無聲電影的最後一批重要影片,如F.鮑沙其的《七重天》(1927)、C.勃朗的《肉與魔》(1927)、H.金的《史泰拉恨史》(1925)和K.維多的《大檢閱》(1925)等。R.J.弗拉哈迪的《北方的納努克》(1922)則為紀錄電影奠定了基礎。 有聲電影:1926年,華納兄弟影業公司拍攝了用唱片來配唱的由J.巴里摩爾主演的歌劇片《唐璜》(A.克羅斯蘭導演)。 1927年10月6日又首映了由A.克羅斯蘭導演、A.喬生主演的有歌唱、對白、聲響的《爵士歌手》,這是世界上第一部有聲故事片。 1928年7月6日華納公司又推出了「百分之百的有聲片」《紐約之光》。自此,有聲電影全面推開。至1930年,除卓別林繼續拍攝了幾部無聲片外,全部故事片均為有聲片。 在導演中間最先適應有聲片製作並拍攝出富於創造性影片的有:R.馬莫里安的《喝彩》(1929)和使用了主觀鏡頭的《化身博士》(1932),L.邁爾斯東的《西線無戰事》(1930)和《頭版新聞》(1931)、劉別謙的《愛情的檢閱》(1929)和《微笑的中尉》(1931),K.維多的《哈利路亞》(1930)。卓別林也拍攝了他的第一部有聲片《城市之光》(1931)。 美國電影黃金時代 [ 轉自鐵血社區 http://bbs.tiexue.net/ ]美國電影中的特殊現象——類型影片,在30年代獲得了充分的發展。最初的類型片是無聲電影時代的喜劇片、鬧劇片和西部片,到30年代初期,歌舞片、盜匪片、偵探片、恐怖片等類型相繼出現並得到繁榮發展。類型電影是美國經濟、社會和文化需要的直接產物,它們中成為經典作品的有歌舞片《四十二街》 (1933)、《掘金女郎》(1933)、《大禮帽》(1935)、《風月無邊》 (1936)和《齊格飛大歌舞》(1936);盜匪片《小愷撒》(1931)、《公敵》 (1931)、《疤面人》(1932)和《嚇呆了的森林》(1936);恐怖片《吸血鬼》(1931)和《弗蘭肯斯坦》(1931)等。

E. 英文電影發展史

這個也太有難度了吧,非得專業人士不行啊,建議你還是直接娶你老師那邊索要得了,呵呵,大不了請吃頓飯完事!

F. 求一篇電影發展史的作文,大學的,150字左右,要英文的急求!

The history of film spans over 100 years, from the latter part of the 19th century to the present day. Motion pictures developed graally from a carnival novelty to one of the most important tools of communication and entertainment, and mass media in the 20th century and into the 21st century. Most films before 1930 were silent. Motion picture films have substantially affected the arts, technology, and politics.
The cinema was invented ring the 1890s, ring what is now called the instrial revolution. It was considered a cheaper, simpler way to provide entertainment to the masses. Movies would become the most popular visual art form of the late Victorian age. It was simpler because of the fact that before the cinema people would have to travel long distances to see major dioramas or amusement parks. With the advent of the cinema this changed. During the first decade of the cinema's existence, inventors worked to improve the machines for making and showing films. The cinema is a complicated medium, and before it could be invented, several technological requirements had to be met

G. 要歐洲電影發展史,在線等

歐洲是電影的發源地,在世界電影史上曾寫下光輝燦爛的篇章。一代代的歐洲電影工作者憑著對電影藝術的執著追求,向世人奉獻了舉不勝數的傳世佳作。一代代的歐洲電影工作者憑著對電影藝術的執著追求,向世人奉獻了舉不勝數的傳世佳作。

1.首先將聲音、色彩運用於電影
2. 率先使用了寬銀幕

3.每一次興起概念電影的重要組成部分: 超現實主義電影運動。(所眾周知,1928年西班牙人路易斯布努艾爾的那部24分鍾的短片《一條安達魯狗》中刀片切割人眼球、口中長出頭發等的怪異鏡頭,開創了超現實主義電影的先河)

4.新浪潮電影的根據地。

這些技術和風格上的電影革命從根本上改變了電影的最初面貌,而使之成為一門藝術,時至今日,歐洲的電影人們仍在孜孜不倦地對第七藝術--電影做出不可磨滅的貢獻。

目前市面上很難見到那些歐洲電影大師級人物的作品,不過每當談起這些響當當的名字:英格瑪.伯格曼、阿倫.雷乃、費德里科.費里尼、安東尼奧尼、弗郎索瓦.特呂弗、賴納.沃納.法斯賓德,許多影友便禁不住眉飛色舞。

新浪潮,肯定首先想到的是法國五、六十年代的作品,由克羅德夏布羅爾、弗郎索瓦特呂弗、讓呂克戈爾達和埃立克羅邁爾這幾位《電影手冊》雜志的編輯掀起的這場電影新浪潮,從1958年到1962雖說持續時間不算長,但對整個世界電影卻產生了巨大影響。

這期間的代表作品是:特呂弗的《胡作非為》(即《四百下》)、戈達爾的《精疲力盡》等。

隨即響應這股洶涌浪潮的歐洲導演多達100多號子,如「左岸派」的代表人物阿侖雷乃(《廣島之戀》)阿涅斯瓦爾達以及德國電影奇才法斯賓德(《水手奎萊爾》),也有科班出身的路易馬勒(《再見孩子》、《愛情重傷》)等以及一些魚龍混雜之人。

作為一場運動,新浪潮只是曇花一現便很快消失了,不過它的影響卻改變了以後的兩代電影人,如今這股當年被視為無政府主義的風潮再次席捲了法國乃至歐洲電影圈,新生代的電影家們向七八十年代迴避現實與回歸「優質電影」的傾向提出的挑戰。

與盧克貝松(反映退縮到大海深處孤獨生活的《碧海情》)、讓雅克阿諾(幽閉禁錮人性的教堂生活的《玫瑰的名字》)、卡拉克斯(無人的石橋下那永遠不靠岸的漂泊愛情故事《新橋戀人》)等人的唯美主義和非人格化的意象色彩不同,以埃立克羅尚、科里科拉爾等人開創的電影新新浪潮,回歸過去雷諾阿時代的現實主義傳統,不僅時代鮮明,而且沒有花哨的攝影技巧,靠的是以人性在現實中的真實體現打動觀眾。

1989年的《冷酷祭典》如一股清風吹入影壇,這部榮獲威尼斯、凱撒最佳女主角、多倫多影評人大獎的影片,描述的是兩位個性很強的女性,由於都曾有過被迫殺人的經歷而結識到成為好朋友,然而現實中並非如她們所意願地發展,直至在作保姆的主人家裡迸發出所有激情。

另外一部代表作品就是92年的《瘋狂夜》,這部編導兼主演本人因愛滋病死去的反映當今愛滋病時代的真實見證的影片激情四溢,無論從電影史上還是社會學角度而言,均堪稱里程碑,因為它是第一次直面愛滋病患者的真實生活並以其獨特的魅力改變著社會對愛滋病及其患者的態度。 95年的《仇恨》和《誘餌》(新鮮誘惑)都屬於這類取材於社會、更接近觀眾的影片,不過這股新新浪潮的影片對整體電影業發展和社會現狀是否有好處,排除藝術本身的因素不談,現在還很難作出結論。 95年的《仇恨》和《誘餌》(新鮮誘惑)都屬於這類取材於社會、更接近觀眾的影片,不過這股新新浪潮的影片對整體電影業發展和社會現狀是否有好處,排除藝術本身的因素不談,現在還很難作出結論。

現在翻回去來看看戈達爾的名作《精疲力盡》,影片描寫一個四處為非作歹的強盜在一個americangirl的幫助下躲避警方的追捕,最後還是被她告發,死於警察的槍口之下。現在翻回去來看看戈達爾的名作《精疲力盡》,影片描寫一個四處為非作歹的強盜在一個american girl的幫助下躲避警方的追捕,最後還是被她告發,死於警察的槍口之下。 影片之所以轟動是因為:「它從一個新的視角觀察人生,表現了人的行為的隨意性、無目的性以及人際關系的冷漠,而且它還表現出對傳統電影規范和陳舊的技術法則的蔑視與背離,採用靈活的敘事方式、畫面格式與跳接等大膽技巧」。影片之所以轟動是因為:「它從一個新的視角觀察人生,表現了人的行為的隨意性、無目的性以及人際關系的冷漠,而且它還表現出對傳統電影規范和陳舊的技術法則的蔑視與背離,採用靈活的敘事方式、畫面格式與跳接等大膽技巧」。

特呂弗的《胡作非為》早於同年的《精疲力盡》,這小子是靠大量觀摩電影而「自學成才」的導演,與他經歷極為相似的導演就是美國鬼才昆汀.塔倫蒂諾,據說昆汀在導演《黑色小說》之前,每天要看上五六部電影。特呂弗的《胡作非為》早於同年的《精疲力盡》,這小子是靠大量觀摩電影而「自學成才」的導演,與他經歷極為相似的導演就是美國鬼才昆汀.塔倫蒂諾,據說昆汀在導演《黑色小說》之前,每天要看上五六部電影。1959年的這部影片描述13歲少年杜瓦爾在學校、家庭和社會均得不到溫暖的情況下,屢次出逃並最終走上犯罪道路。 1959年的這部影片描述13歲少年杜瓦爾在學校、家庭和社會均得不到溫暖的情況下,屢次出逃並最終走上犯罪道路。有傳聞說這部影片是特呂弗的自傳體,如同《黑色小說》是昆汀這個小混混的自我寫照、《陽光燦爛日子》是姜文和王朔的兒時一般,它勝在以樸素的紀實風格、濃厚的生活氣息、細膩的心理揭示及實景拍攝、攝影機連續運動、長鏡頭的恰當使用等藝術創新手法上,它也使得特呂弗首次拍長片便獲得了戛納影展最佳導演獎,真的同昆汀與他的《黑色小說》如出一轍。有傳聞說這部影片是特呂弗的自傳體,如同《黑色小說》是昆汀這個小混混的自我寫照、《陽光燦爛日子》是姜文和王朔的兒時一般,它勝在以樸素的紀實風格、濃厚的生活氣息、細膩的心理揭示及實景拍攝、攝影機連續運動、長鏡頭的恰當使用等藝術創新手法上,它也使得特呂弗首次拍長片便獲得了戛納影展最佳導演獎,真的同昆汀與他的《黑色小說》如出一轍。

再來看看德國的新浪潮,歷史上德國影片一直不乏極為優秀的作品,1979年施隆多夫的《鐵皮鼓》玩命獲獎,使德國電影得到了世界公認。再來看看德國的新浪潮,歷史上德國影片一直不乏極為優秀的作品,1979年施隆多夫的《鐵皮鼓》玩命獲獎,使德國電影得到了世界公認。德國電影新浪潮始於六十年代末,代表人物當首推Rainer WernerFassbinder(法斯賓德),這位英年早逝的電影奇才是「反戲劇劇院」流派的主要人物。德國電影新浪潮始於六十年代末,代表人物當首推Rainer Werner Fassbinder(法斯賓德),這位英年早逝的電影奇才是「反戲劇劇院」流派的主要人物。 1969年僅24歲的法斯賓德就以其處女作品《愛比死更冷》聞名於世,他不權是編劇、導演,而且還親自上陣作主角,從其短暫的14年電影生涯共拍出41部影片來看,在世界電影史上都是極為罕見的,他暢導的「新德國電影」運動,直到今天以維姆文德斯為代表的德國電影人仍在發展壯大。 1969年僅24歲的法斯賓德就以其處女作品《愛比死更冷》聞名於世,他不權是編劇、導演,而且還親自上陣作主角,從其短暫的14年電影生涯共拍出41部影片來看,在世界電影史上都是極為罕見的,他暢導的「新德國電影」運動,直到今天以維姆文德斯為代表的德國電影人仍在發展壯大。

法斯賓德最重要的兩部作品是1979年的《瑪麗婭布勞恩的婚姻》和1982年的絕筆之作《水手奎萊爾》,前者使德國電影打入了美國乃至世界市場,後者剛是一部情色經典,這所以說它是情色作品,是因為該片充滿了同性戀、雙性戀以及佔有欲極強的中年婦人的亂倫行為。法斯賓德最重要的兩部作品是1979年的《瑪麗婭布勞恩的婚姻》和1982年的絕筆之作《水手奎萊爾》,前者使德國電影打入了美國乃至世界市場,後者剛是一部情色經典,這所以說它是情色作品,是因為該片充滿了同性戀、雙性戀以及佔有欲極強的中年婦人的亂倫行為。這是一部表現主義作品,沒有完整的敘事結構,事件之間也沒有必然的因果關系,人物的行為既無動機,又無邏輯,整部影片象一篇用影像構成的寓言。這是一部表現主義作品,沒有完整的敘事結構,事件之間也沒有必然的因果關系,人物的行為既無動機,又無邏輯,整部影片像一篇用影像構成的寓言。「它是法斯賓德個人經歷的寫照,也是他構築極端世界的模式:一個無愛的世界,人生活在這個世界中充滿了爭斗、欺詐、謀殺和性。」為表現這一世界,法斯賓德在整部影片當中都使用同一種顏色--橙色,這是一種表現色情的色彩,使觀眾產生一種壓抑感,「好象進入地獄,使人透不過氣來」。 「它是法斯賓德個人經歷的寫照,也是他構築極端世界的模式:一個無愛的世界,人生活在這個世界中充滿了爭斗、欺詐、謀殺和性。」為表現這一世界,法斯賓德在整部影片當中都使用同一種顏色--橙色,這是一種表現色情的色彩,使觀眾產生一種壓抑感,「好像進入地獄,使人透不過氣來」。

文姆文德斯的作品近兩年在大陸碟市上已經屢見不鮮,從〈德克薩斯州的巴黎〉(1984)到〈直到世界末日〉(1990)(3碟),從〈天使之翼〉(1987)到〈暴力啟示錄〉(1997)文德斯的成功證明了自己是當之無愧的當代德國電影代言人。文姆文德斯的作品近兩年在大陸碟市上已經屢見不鮮,從〈德克薩斯州的巴黎〉(1984)到〈直到世界末日〉(1990)(3碟),從〈天使之翼〉(1987)到〈暴力啟示錄〉(1997)文德斯的成功證明了自己是當之無愧的當代德國電影代言人。 同時他也是獲次數最多的德國導演,〈德州巴黎〉獲戛納金棕櫚大獎,86-87年間的半紀錄體影片〈柏林上空〉獲戛納影評人特別獎及歐洲電影節最佳影片大獎。同時他也是獲次數最多的德國導演,〈德州巴黎〉獲戛納金棕櫚大獎,86-87年間的半紀錄體影片〈柏林上空〉獲戛納影評人特別獎及歐洲電影節最佳影片大獎。此外,〈天使之翼〉還被無恥的好萊塢在96年翻拍成〈天使之城〉(X情人)。此外,〈天使之翼〉還被無恥的好萊塢在96年翻拍成〈天使之城〉(X情人)。

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