㈠ 「電影源於生活」 用英文 准確地道的表述
Films originate from our life.
㈡ 英文電影的英語介紹
這篇是《當幸福來敲門》的英語賞析
我在英文賞析課上老師介紹的 非常適合高中生看
I don』t know for sure whether it is the cold or the movie that kept me tossing and turning in bed, but one thing is certain: many scattered fragments of the movie again and again flashed in my mind. My cell phone read 4:16 am at that time, but I was not sleepy at all. So I decided to get up and write something.
"The Pursuit of Happyness" -- the title comes from a misspelled schoolhouse mural -- has a lot on its mind but mostly this: If America is about the promise of bettering oneself, why does it have to be so freaking hard? In the movie, Jefferson's Declaration of Independence words about happiness kept recurring to Chris Gardner. Every day, Christ had to work hard from morning till night, but still could hardly make a living. Chris saw a bunch of suits, mostly male, pouring out of the Dean Witter Reynolds brokerage firm in downtown San Francisco. They all looked 「happy,」 「Why not me? 「 Christ wondered. He did have an adorable boy, Christopher, but wife Linda was becoming a scarecrow of overworked anxiety. Finally, his wife left Christ because of life pressure, leaving him and her five-year-old son, Christopher. And naturally, Christ became a single father.
With the failure of his business, Christ had no money to pay for the rent, so they were driven away from the flat. They became homeless. They slept in asylum, subway station public bathroom or anywhere as a temporary shelter. The destitution of life was absolutely depressing, but for his son』s future, for his own belief, Christ never gave up and he still strongly believed that happiness would come one day if he worked hard enough today.
With his great efforts, Christ won a six-month internship at Dean Witter, but there was no pay at all. So on one hand, Christ had to work hard to make a living; on the other hand, he had to fight for his intern work, since only one of the twenty interns would succeed finally. Besides, he had to take good care of his son after day care. However, Christ made it with his amazing willpower.
Christ was unfortunate, for he got a wife who was not understandable at all (though she has her own difficulties) and was in bad luck with his business. But he was very fortunate also, for he got a son who was very thoughtful and, I think, tough life experiences always make a great person.
It is said that this movie is inspired by a true story, and I want to say, this movie does inspire me a lot. What impressed me most are: Christ』s wife left him because of life pressure; Christ』s love to his son and Christ』s strong belief towards life. Through these, I know that it is not easy to be a good husband and a good Papa, since in reality, only love cannot only make everything. And I also learn that one has to strongly believe in himself, no matter how difficult the situation is, but of course, hard-working is indispensable.
這絕對是一部經典的電影 但是有點長 所以我把中文意思也給你 你可以依照自己的喜好節選
《阿甘正傳》影評 英文中文對照版
<Forrest Gump> Film review
Forrest Gump who is unfortunately to be born with a lower IQ and the muscle problem, usually, people always think this kind of person can't be successful in doing anything. But, instead, this unlucky man has achieved lots of incredible success, he is a football star, a war hero, and later a millionaire!
In the contention of the best picture of the 67th Oscar Award in 1995, film <Forrest Gump> Have got six Grand Prixes , such as the best picture , the best actor , the best achievement in directing , adapting drama , the best achievement in film editing and the best visual effect bestly ,etc. at one blow . The film was passed to a intellectual disturbance person the description of life has reflected every aspect of U.S.A.'s life, important incident of social political life make and represent to these decades such as U.S.A. from one unique angle. Film adapt Winston · novel of the same name of Groom since. Only the original work is that one is full of fantastic novels with a satiric flavour, but the film modifies and beautifies the story. Have abandoned the absurdity of the original work and revealed that satirizes meaning , have added a kind of tender feeling for the film. This undoubtedly makes the film suit audience and judging panel's taste even more, but has sacrificed the struggle spirit of the rebel of the original work , make the film become one kind and idealize ethical symbol .
Forrest Gump mould incarnation of virtue is honest keeping one's word , conscientiously , brave paying attention to emotioning among film. In the film, Forrest Gump is a very pure image, but Jenny has become the degenerate symbol . And write the great discrepancy originally in this. To all that narrated, since beginning all behave with a kind of tender feeling and well-meaning attitude after all for the film, having even joined poesy composition, this makes the film seem soft and have no injury. The film advocates to traditional moral concept and embodiment. Make film apt to accept by people, director superb lay out skill and film application of language make the film very attractive too. Success with commercial for film content of the film has given security, and the treatment on director's art makes the film more excellent, this is reason that the film succeeds. It was the box-office hits the most in that year to become U.S.A. in < Forrest Gump>.
Tom · Hanks very much sincere naturally performance having among film. He has obtained the laurel of the best actor of Oscar for the behavior in this film. This second movie emperor's money already whom he obtained in succession looks like. Success of < Forrest Gump>, make Tom Hanks become one of the most popular movie stars in Hollywood too. To Tom Hanks, those two years are the luckiest period of time in his performing art careers .
阿甘是一個出生很不幸的人，通常人們總是認為這種人不能成功， 在做任何事情過程中。 但是，相反，這個不幸的人已經取得許多難以置信的成功，他是一個足球明星，一名戰爭英雄和一個百萬富翁！
1995年的第六十七屆奧斯卡金像獎最佳影片的角逐中，影片《阿甘正傳》一舉獲得了最佳影片、最佳男主角、最佳導演、最佳改編劇本、最佳剪輯和最佳視覺效果等六項大獎。影片通過對一個存在智力障礙者生活的描述反映了美國生活的方方面面，從一個獨特的角度對美國幾十年來社會政治生活中的重要事件作了展現。影片改編自溫斯頓·格魯姆的同名小說。只不過原著是一本充滿了諷刺意味的荒誕小說，而影片則對故事進行了修飾和美化。摒棄了原著的荒誕和揭露諷刺意味，為影片增添了一種溫情。這無疑使影片更合觀眾和評委的口味，但卻犧牲了原著的叛逆斗爭精神，使影片成為了一種理想化道德的象徵。
阿甘在影片中被塑造成了美德的化身，誠實、守信、認真、勇敢而重視感情。在影片中，阿甘是十分純潔的形象，而珍妮則成了墮落的象徵。這與原著有著極大的出入。對於所敘述的一切，影片自始自終都是以一種溫情和善意的態度來表現的，甚至還加入了詩意化的成分，這使得影片顯得柔和而無傷害性。影片對傳統道德觀念的宣揚和體現。使影片變得易為人們所接受，導演高超的編排技巧和電影語言的運用也使影片十分吸引人。影片的內容為影片商業上的成功提供了保證，而導演藝術上的處理也使得影片更加精彩，這就是影片成功的原因所在。《阿甘正傳》成了美國當年最為賣座的電影之一。
湯姆·漢克斯在影片中的表演十分朴實自然。他以在此片中的表現獲得了奧斯卡最佳男主角的桂冠。這已是他連續獲得的第二個影帝金像。《阿甘正傳》的成功，也使湯姆·漢克斯成了好萊塢最受歡迎的影星之一。對湯姆·漢克斯來說，那兩年是他演藝生涯中最為幸運的一段日子。
《蜘蛛俠2》英語影評
So what's your choice between being a common person or a hero with people's respects? Most people will choose the latter. But what will be your choice if the cost is laying your lover among the risks? What will it be if the cost is you can never tell the girl, who you love so much, that you love her? The spider man had this contradiction. But finally he still chose the latter, not in order to be a hero, but to make this word peaceful.
I was so moved by the words the Aunt Mary said:
You will never guess what he wants to be, the spider man. He knows the hero when he sees one, too a few characters out there, flying all around out there, saving old girls like me. Lord knows kids like Henry need hero courageous, sacrificing for people, setting examples for all of us. Everybody loves a hero. People enthrone them, cheer them, scream their names and years later they will tell how they stood in the rain for hours just to get a glimpse the one who taught them to hold on to stand longer. I believe there is a hero in all of us. They keep us be honest, give us strength, make us noble, and finally allow us to die with proud. Ever though sometimes we have to initiatively give up the thing we want most, even our dreams. Spider man did that for Henry, so he wants to know where he is gone. He needs him.
The spider man got much from these words, so did I. And what about you? what's the hero lying in you?
《勇敢的心》這篇是經典的奧斯卡影片
Brave Heart, the winner of Oscar Prize, is about the war between England and Scotland.
But in the movie, the most important thing is not fighting. It is the pursuit of freedom that attract me most. In the age mentioned in the movie, England ruled Scotland in a cruel way. People in Scotland rebelled.
Wallace, leader of the rebellion, was a real hero. He fought bravely with his soldiers, for neither wealth nor power. What they want the most is that they could live a free life.
After long-time fighting, the rebellion was beaten down and Wallace was arrested. The ruler gave hime a last chance to confess and promised him if he did so, he might not be sentenced.
But what's Wallace's choice. At the last of his life, he abandoned the chance to survive and cried out, 'freedom'. This was the word that all people in Scotland wanted to say.
This movie is my favorite. It tells me that there is something named freedom which is more important than life
《肖恩克的救贖》介紹：
同樣也有中文意思
Story takes place in 1947, banker Andy because his wife was having an affair with guns to kill her and her lover, and he was accused of killing his wife and his lover, Andy Pipanwuqi resettlement sentence, which means that he will Shawn prison rest of their lives. Arie 1927 Beipanwuqi resettlement sentence for murder, were released on parole on several occasions without success. Shawn has become a prison, he is now the "authority figures", as long as you can afford to pay the money, he was almost there are ways to be made into anything you want: cigarettes, candy, wine, and even marijuana. Whenever a new prisoner comes, everyone who bet on the first night crying. Arie that the fragile, bookish Andy will cry when the foot a result, Andy's silence so that he lost a four-pack of cigarettes. But also to make Arui him a new light.
Since a long time, Andy is not, and any human contact, while everyone complained about the same time, he was in the yard is a leisurely stroll, as the same as in the park. A month later, Andy please Arui to help him carry out the first thing a small pickaxe, he explained that he would like carving some small things to while away the time, and said that he think of ways to escape the prison The routine inspection. Soon, Arie went on to play Andy carved chess. After Andy has carried out for a Rita. Haihua wire attached to a huge poster of the cell wall.
Time, Andy and the other prisoners out of several labor, he inadvertently heard the prison officer in the taxed talk about things. Andy said he had an approach could allow prison officials to legally remove to a large tax, as the exchange, he was a friend more than a dozen inmates each win two bottles of Tiger beer. Drinking beer, Arie said that over the years, he first felt the sense of freedom.
As Andy proficient in the knowledge of the financial system, and soon made him out of prison and heavy physical labor, and other abnormal prisoners harassment. Soon, Andy notorious for an increasing number of prison guards began to deal with tax issues, and even children's ecational problems came to him for advice. At the same time Andy has also graally become warden warden Shawn important tool for money laundering. As Andy wrote to the governor constantly, and finally to the prison for a small amount of money for the prison library building. Prison life is very flat to talk about, and always want their own to find some things to do. Andy heard the original Arie liked Chuikou Qin, she bought one given to him. After the dead of night, you can hear the melodious sound of the harmonica a slight echoed in prison.
The arrival of a young prisoner Andy broke the quiet life in prison: the inmates at another prison before, when heard Andy's case, he knew who the murderers! But when Andy request to the governor to re-try the case, they were met with refusal, and has been in solitary confinement for two months severely punished. Andy in order to prevent the release of the design at the prison killed an insider!
Face the harsh reality, Andy became very depressed ... ... One day, he Arie said: "If one day you will receive parole, be sure to go somewhere for me to complete a wish. It was the first time I and his wife dating place, to where the big oak tree g up under a box. that when a you know what it is. "That night, wind and rain, thunder rang out, has been the success of the soul salvation Andy Jailbreak .
The original two decades, Andy every day with that the little pickaxe to dig holes and then use the posters will cover the hole. Andy after his release, took the part of black money kept by the warden and the warden was denounced corruption of the truth. Governor kept a small account book in its own coffers to see is Andy left a Bible, placed inside the hollowed out part of the ground into a round that put nearly a mattock.
Arie was released, he found a box under the oak in cash, two old friends finally sunny beach in Mexico, a reunion.
中文翻譯：故事發生在1947年，銀行家安迪因為妻子有婚外情，用槍殺死了她和她的情人，因此他被指控槍殺了妻子及其情人，安迪被判無期徙刑，這意味著他將在肖恩克監獄中渡過餘生。阿瑞1927年因謀殺罪被判無期徙刑，數次假釋都未獲成功。他現在已經成為肖恩克監獄中的「權威人物」，只要你付得起錢，他幾乎有辦法搞到任何你想要的東西：香煙，糖果，酒，甚至是大麻。每當有新囚犯來的時候，大家就賭誰會在第一個夜晚哭泣。阿瑞認為弱不禁風、書生氣時足的安迪一定會哭，結果安迪的沉默使他輸掉了四包煙。但同時也使阿瑞對他另眼相看。
好長時間以來，安迪不和任何人接觸，在大家報怨的同時，他在院子里很悠閑地散步，就象在公園里一樣。一個月後，安迪請阿瑞幫他搞的第一件東西是一把小的鶴嘴鋤，他的解釋是他想雕刻一些小東西以消磨時光，並說他自己想辦法逃過獄方的例行檢查。不久，阿瑞就玩上了安迪刻的國際象棋。之後，安迪又搞了一幅麗塔.海華絲的巨幅海報貼在了牢房的牆上。
一次，安迪和另幾個犯人外出勞動，他無意間聽到監獄官在講有關上稅的事。安迪說他有辦法可以使監獄官合法地免去這一大筆稅金，做為交換，他為十幾個犯人朋友每人爭得了兩瓶Tiger啤酒。喝著啤酒，阿瑞說多年來，他又第一次感受到了自由的感覺。
由於安迪精通財務制度方面的的知識，很快使他擺脫了獄中繁重的體力勞動和其它變態囚犯的騷擾。不久，聲名遠揚的安迪開始為越來越多的獄警處理稅務問題，甚至孩子的升學問題也來向他請教。同時安迪也逐步成為肖恩克監獄長沃登洗黑錢的重要工具。由於安迪不停地寫信給州長，終於為監獄申請到了一小筆錢用於監獄圖書館的建設。監獄生活非常平談，總要自己找一些事情來做。安迪聽說阿瑞原來很喜歡吹口琴，就買了一把送給他。夜深人靜之後，可以聽到悠揚而輕微的口琴聲回盪在監獄里。
一個年輕犯人的到來打破了安迪平靜的獄中生活：這個犯人以前在另一所監獄服刑時聽到過安迪的案子，他知道誰是真凶！但當安迪向監獄長提出要求重新審理此案時，卻遭到了斷然拒絕，並受到了單獨禁閉兩個月的嚴重懲罰。為了防止安迪獲釋，監獄不惜設計害死了知情人！
面對殘酷的現實，安迪變得很消沉……有一天，他對阿瑞說：「如果有一天，你可以獲得假釋，一定要到某個地方替我完成一個心願。那是我第一次和妻子約會的地方，把那裡一棵大橡樹下的一個盒子挖出來。到時個你就知道是什麼了。」當天夜裡，風雨交加，雷聲大作，已得到靈魂救贖的安迪越獄成功。
原來二十年來，安迪每天都在用那把小鶴嘴鋤挖洞，然後用海報將洞口遮住。安迪出獄後，領走了部分監獄長存的黑錢，並告發了監獄長貪污受賄的真相。監獄長在自己存小賬本的保險櫃里見到的是安迪留下的一本聖經，里邊挖空的部分放這一把幾乎磨成圓頭的鶴嘴鋤。
阿瑞獲釋了，他在橡樹下找到了一盒現金，兩個老朋友終於在墨西哥陽光明媚的海濱重逢了。
大哥看我給你介紹的這么多的份上 您採納我吧 感激不盡
㈢ 世界電影的起源英文介紹
The world film "founded in 1952, formerly known as the motion picture arts clump of translation", is China film home association's hosting of the film professional bimonthly for years heavily influenced by the vast majority of the reader's love, known as stand up to test of time. Domestic comprehensive introced into the world film culture and the first issue of the study.
以下無視之
我是一條傲嬌的小尾巴！
我是一條可愛的小尾巴！
我是一條單純的小尾巴！
我是一條全能的小尾巴！
我是一條天然的小尾巴！
我是一條漂亮的小尾巴！
我是一條溫柔的小尾巴！
我是一條愛笑的小尾巴！
㈣ 美國電影史英文版
英譯：For a long time, the United States only to the film as a means of entertainment to Hollywood as a story and fantasy proction factories, so first of all note that the movie business value. However, after 70 years, the American film has been great development in academic research. In 1967, both in Washington and Los Angeles have established the American Film Institute (AFI). Film Archive, throughout the United States, including important ones are the New York Museum of Modern Art, Rochester's Eastman Film Archive, the Library of Congress, Washington, Berkeley Pacific Film Archive. 8 large film company has disintegrated or converting 60 years after the
A large number of film and archives donated to the museum and the University Film Studies Center, the study of national film traditions, protect their heritage plays a significant role in the film.
By 1900, Hollywood has a post office, a newspaper, a hotel and two markets, its residents number 500. 100,000 population in Los Angeles in the city, 11 kilometers east. In Hollywood and Los Angeles have only a single-track tram. 1902 Hollywood hotel, now known as the first part of the opening. In 1903, here upgraded to the city's 177 voting residents of the right to vote unanimously endorsed by the "Hollywood," named after whom. That year under the two commands are: In addition to pharmacies in other stores outside the prohibition, and no amount of driving in the streets more than 200 cattle. 1904
A new so-called Hollywood Avenue streetcar opened, so that between the Hollywood and Los Angeles round-trip time significantly shortened. In 1910, Hollywood residents voted to join the Los Angeles. The reason is so that they can be in Los Angeles drinking water and access to adequate drainage facilities.
In 1907, director Francis Burgess led his crew arrived in Los Angeles, filming "Count of Monte Cristo." They found that, where beautiful natural scenery, plenty of light and suitable climate is the natural place for filming. The early 1910s, director David Griffith Biograph company was sent to the West Coast to make a film, he took Lillian Gish, Mary-bi g-fu and other actors came to Los Angeles. They were then looking for a new site, so proceed north, came a warm small town, and that is Hollywood. Biograph company found here in good condition
So back to New York before they filmed several movies. Graally many people in the instry know that invaluable piece of land, to the increasing number of Hollywood movie crew, the U.S. film instry moved to Hollywood's big movement started, Hollywood movies have to be forward.
October 1911, a group from New Jersey to film-makers on the ground that under the leadership of the photographer came to a small Inn called Bu Lang, they will rent the inn converted into a studio look. In this way, they created Hollywood's first film studio - Ernest Pictures.
Since then, many film companies settled in Hollywood, the famous film companies: MGM (Metro Goldwyn Mayer, called MGM), Paramount Pictures (Paramount Pictures, Inc.), Twentieth Century Fox (20th Century Fox), Warner Bros. (Warner Brothers), RKO (Radio Keith Orpheum, referred to as RKO), Universal (Universal), United Artists Corporation (United Artists), Columbia Pictures (Columbia Pictures).
【中文】
關於美國電影
長期以來，美國只把電影看作是娛樂手段，把好萊塢當成生產故事和幻想的工廠，因此首先注意影片的商業價值。但是，70年代前後，美國電影學術研究有了很大的發展。1967年，在華盛頓和洛杉磯兩地成立了美國電影研究院（AFI）。電影資料館遍布全美，其中重要的有紐約現代藝術博物館、羅切斯特的伊斯曼電影數據館、華盛頓國會圖書館、伯克利太平洋電影資料館等。8大影片公司於60年代先後解體或轉產之後，影片和檔案大量捐贈給上述資料館和各大學的電影研究中心，對研究本國電影傳統、保護本國電影文物起著很大作用。
二十世紀的好萊塢：到1900年，好萊塢已經有一間郵局、一張報紙、一座旅館和兩個市場，其居民數為500人。10萬人口的洛杉磯位於市東11公里處。在好萊塢和洛杉磯間只有一條單軌的有軌電車。1902年，今天著名的好萊塢酒店的第一部分開業。1903年，此地升格為市，參加投票的177位有選舉權的居民一致贊同以「好萊塢」為之命名。當年下的兩條命令是：除葯店外其他商店禁酒，及不準在街上驅趕數量多於200的牛群。1904年，一條新的被稱為好萊塢大街的有軌電車開業，使好萊塢與洛杉磯間的往返時間大大縮短。1910年，好萊塢的居民投票決定加入洛杉磯。原因是這樣他們可以通過洛杉磯取得足夠的飲水和獲得排水設施。
1907年，導演弗朗西斯·伯格斯帶領他的攝制組來到洛杉磯，拍攝《基督山伯爵》。他們發現，這里明媚的自然風光、充足的光線和適宜的氣候是拍攝電影的天然場所。1910年代初，導演大衛·格里菲斯被Biograph公司派到西海岸來拍電影，他帶著麗蓮·吉許、瑪麗·璧克馥等演員來到了洛杉磯。他們後來想尋找一塊新的地盤，於是向北出發，來到了一個熱情的小鎮，那就是好萊塢。Biograph公司發現此地條件不錯，於是在回紐約前又陸續拍了好幾部電影。漸漸許多業內人士都知道了這塊寶地，到好萊塢的電影劇組越來越多，美國電影業移師好萊塢的大轉移開始，好萊塢向成為電影之都邁進。
1911年10月，一批從新澤西來的電影工作者在當地以為攝影師的帶領下，來到一家叫布朗杜的小客棧，他們將租到的客棧改裝成一家電影公司的樣子。這樣，他們創建了好萊塢的第一家電影製片廠——內斯特影片公司。
從那以後，許多電影公司在好萊塢落戶，著名的電影公司有：米高梅電影公司（Metro Goldwyn Mayer，簡稱MGM）、派拉蒙影業公司（Paramount Pictures, Inc.）、二十世紀福克斯公司（20th Century Fox）、華納兄弟公司（Warner Brothers）、雷電華公司（Radio Keith Orpheum，簡稱RKO）、環球公司（Universal）、聯美公司（United Artists）、哥倫比亞影業公司（Columbia Pictures）。
㈤ 求一篇600字左右英文的商業電影概念和起源、發展。
中國商業電影一個是品質問題一個是模式問題,我覺的像現在的導演,大陸拍商業片的恐怕只有馮小剛算是個半成功的了,不能說全成功是因為他的風格似乎總是過於局限,而電影受眾也過於局限,像別的導演,多半文藝片出生,要麼現在索性就是文藝片的市場,總是聽見某某在國外拿了獎,拿到內地來同樣沒什麼票房.
中國現在的商業片不成氣候,撐死了那麼幾個導演那麼幾個編劇,而且礙於社會主義好的原則,很多題材都不能拍,也沒有那麼多的資金來弄.
像我在大學里開音像店,很多印度留學生,且不說這個國家如何,人的素質如何.人家還就是比我們的國人要愛電影,即使老是操著一口發音奇怪的英語來問某某片子,可是電影儼然成為人家生活的一部分.
像現在國內還沒有一個統一的電影基地,而電影的編制原則也太過於僵化,哪裡有哪個編劇就要一直編劇的,一個好的編劇一輩子就吃死了那麼一本好劇本,別的全垃圾還要拿出來拍什麼商業大片,搞到最後都是靠媒體優勢來拿的票房.
中國商業電影的模式如果一直如此單一,恐怕走不長遠.
盼望有好片子誕生,也只怕一直都只能成為一個夢想了.
翻譯：
China's commercial film is a quality problem is to model a problem, I feel like now the director of the mainland will only be a commercial movie to be half the success of Feng Xiaogang, and can not say that the whole success is because of his style always seemed too restrictive, while the Film audiences are too limited, like other directors, most artistic film, was born, or is simply a market that is an artistic film, always heard so and so took a prize in foreign countries, to get the same little box office mainland.
China's current commercial films do not come into vogue several directors Chengsi so just a handful of writers, but also because of the good principles of socialism, many subjects can not be beat, nor so much money to get.
As I opened video stores in the university, many Indian students, not to mention how this country, people's qualities. People also is to love people than our movies, even if always, speaking in a strange pronunciation of English to ask a of a film, but the film has become an integral part of life people.
As now there is not a unified national film base, the establishment of the principle of the film is also too rigid and, where there is what writers should have been a screenwriter, a good scriptwriter eat dead life so a good script, do not all garbage to film would be set aside large tracts of what the business, got to the last are the advantages of relying on the media to come and collect at the box office.
Chinese commercial films has always been the case if a single model, I am afraid to go a long-term.
Looking forward to the birth of good films, but also I'm afraid they have been can only be a dream.
㈥ 用英文介紹一下電影歷史
早期無聲片
軟性電影
早期類型影片
費穆的「儒家電影」
傳教電影
李香蘭和「滿映」電影
持攝影機的人們
先鋒實驗電影
自己翻譯下
㈦ 求電影發展歷史的資料，一定要英文的啊
在附件里了，希望幫到你。
㈧ 急急急！！十分鍾！電影各種信息（電影的起源等）要英文的 簡短的
History of Motion Pictures
I INTRODUCTION
History of Motion Pictures, historical development of the visual medium known as motion pictures, film, cinema, or the movies. This article covers the medium』s history as a technology, as a business, as an art form, and as a means of delivering entertainment and information to audiences in theaters and at home. It discusses major filmmakers and their films, principal fiction and nonfiction genres, and film instries in the United States and throughout the world. For more information on the technical aspects involved in creating a film, see Motion Picture.
II ORIGINS
In the early 19th century scientists took note of a visual phenomenon: A sequence of indivial still pictures, when set in motion, can give the illusion of movement. These scientists attributed this experience to what they called persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. The eye』s retention of a visual image, now known as positive afterimage, has long been considered a founding principle of motion pictures, even though its relationship to the perception of motion is still not well understood.
A Early Experiments
The persistence of vision concept stimulated experimentation with motion-picture devices throughout the 19th century. Among the first such devices was a slotted disk with a sequence of drawings around its perimeter. When a person spun the disk in front of a mirror and looked through the slots, the drawings appeared to move. The zoetrope, a device developed in the 1830s, was a hollow drum with a strip of pictures around its inner surface. When spun, it proced the same effect. In the 1870s French inventor Émile Reynaud improved on this idea by placing mirrors at the center of the drum. A few years later he developed a projecting version, using a reflector and a lens to enlarge the moving images. In 1892 he began holding public screenings in Paris at his Théâtre Optique, with hundreds of drawings on a reel that he wound through his apparatus to construct moving images that continued for 15 minutes.
Inventors began to conceive of combining the principles of these moving-image devices with the photographic recording of actual movement soon after the development of still photography in the 1830s. The most famous experiment occurred in the 1870s in California, where railroad tycoon Leland Stanford hired British photographer Eadweard Muybridge to settle a bet on whether a galloping horse ever had all four feet off the ground. Muybridge set up 12 cameras along a racetrack and spread threads across the track with a contact to each camera』s shutter. Moving along the track, the horse broke the threads and caused a sequence of photographs to be taken. The photos showed the horse with all four feet off the ground, and Muybridge went on a lecture tour showing his photographs on a moving-image device he called the zoopraxiscope.
Muybridge』s endeavors stimulated French scientist Étienne-Jules Marey to devise equipment for recording and analyzing animal and human movement. He built what he called a chronophotographic camera that could take multiple images superimposed on one another. His work was aided in turn by developments in photographic materials. In 1885 American inventor George Eastman introced sensitized paper roll 「film」 in place of the indivial glass plates then in use. In 1889 Eastman replaced the paper roll with celluloid, a synthetic plastic material coated with a gelatin emulsion.
B Thomas Alva Edison and William K. L. Dickson
Legendary American inventor Thomas Alva Edison drew upon the work of Muybridge, Marey, and Eastman when he turned his attention to motion pictures in the late 1880s. In his laboratories in West Orange, New Jersey, Edison assigned to a British employee, William K. L. Dickson, the task of constructing a machine for recording actual movement on film and another machine for viewing the resulting images. By 1891 Dickson had proced a motion-picture camera, called the Kinetograph, and a viewing machine, bbed the Kinetoscope.
The Kinetograph was operated by an electric motor that moved the celluloid film roll past the camera lens. Motor-driven cameras, which were bulky and stationary, were soon replaced by movable hand-cranked cameras. Dickson』s key contribution was a sprocket mechanism linked to the camera』s shutter, which momentarily stopped the film roll for each exposure. These separate still photographic images came to be called frames. Early cameras used a number of different speeds for exposing frames, but by the advent of sound film in the late 1920s the standard had become 24 frames per second.
In early 1893 Edison constructed a motion-picture studio on his laboratory grounds, bbed the Black Maria by his staff who thought it resembled police patrol wagons known by that nickname. On May 9, 1893, he held the first public exhibition of films shot using the Kinetograph in the Black Maria. But only one person at a time could use his viewing machine, the Kinetoscope. This boxlike structure contained a motor-and-shutter mechanism similar to the camera』s. It ran a loop of positive film past an electric light source, illuminating a tiny image, which the viewer observed through a small window. Kinetoscope viewing parlors containing many machines for indivial viewing began to open in cities in 1894. Edison and Dickson apparently gave little thought to a single machine that could project moving images to a large audience, something Reynaud had achieved in his Théâtre Optique. Reynaud, however, had displayed drawings rather than images photographed by a motion-picture camera.
C The Lumière Brothers
In France, the brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière, who ran a factory in Lyons that manufactured photographic equipment, sought to improve on Edison』s accomplishment. By 1895 they developed a lightweight, hand-held camera that used a claw mechanism to advance the film roll. They named it the Cinématographe, and they soon discovered that it could also be used to show large images on a screen, when linked with projecting equipment. Throughout 1895 they shot films and projected them for select groups. Their first screening for the general public was held in Paris in December 1895.
Elsewhere other inventors were also busy. In Germany, the brothers Emil and Max Skladanowsky devised an apparatus and projected films in Berlin in November 1895. In Britain, a machine developed by Birt Acres and Robert W. Paul was used to project films in London in January 1896. In the United States, a projector called the Vitascope was constructed around the same time by Charles Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat. Armat then entered into a commercial alliance with Edison to manufacture the Vitascope, and the device exhibited projected motion pictures in New York City in April 1896.
The Lumière brothers held a unique place among all these simultaneous efforts, since they were innovative filmmakers as well as inventors and manufacturers. The many films they made ring 1895 and 1896, though very short, are considered pivotal in the history of motion pictures. Arroseur et arrosé (Waterer and Watered, 1896), a brief comedy drawn from a newspaper cartoon, shows a gardener getting drenched with a hose as the result of a boy』s prank. La sortie de l』usine Lumière à Lyon (Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory, 1895) and Arrivée d』un train en gare (Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat, 1896), which shows a train coming to a station and passengers getting off, were among the so-called actuality films—films that depicted actual events rather than a story told by actors—for which the Lumières became noted.
III ONE-REELERS
During the decade following the advent of projected motion pictures, films were shown as part of vaudeville or variety programs, at carnivals and fairgrounds, in lecture halls and churches, and graally in spaces converted for the exclusive exhibition of movies. Most films ran no longer than 10 to 12 minutes, which reflected the amount of film that could be wound on a standard reel for projection (hence the term one-reelers). Many were comedies or actualities, following the Lumière brothers』 example. Their purpose was spectacle—to show something astounding, unusual, titillating, or perhaps newsworthy. But filmmakers also struck out in new directions, especially toward fantasy and narrative.
French magician and filmmaker Georges Méliès was the outstanding creator of fantasy films in early cinema. Méliès exploited the new medium to enhance his magic acts through techniques such as stop-motion photography—interrupting the camera』s action and moving or substituting people and objects—so that, for example, a woman appeared to turn into a skeleton. He created elaborate backdrops with multiple scenes and costume changes for these so-called trick films that were widely emulated by other filmmakers. Of the hundreds of works he made between 1896 and 1912, perhaps the best-known is Le voyage dans la lune (A Trip to the Moon, 1902), which in one scene features the animated human face of the moon being struck in the eye by a rocket.
In the United States, a former projectionist and traveling exhibitor, Edwin S. Porter, took charge of motion-picture proction at Edison』s company in 1901 and began making longer films that told a story. As with Méliès』s films, these required multiple shots that could be edited into a narrative sequence. Porter』s most notable film—and the most famous work of early cinema—was The Great Train Robbery (1903), which is credited with establishing movies as a commercial entertainment medium. With its rapid shifts of location, including action on a moving train, this film offered spectators a breadth and immediacy of vision that became hallmarks of the cinema experience.
Spurred by The Great Train Robbery and subsequent story films, film exhibition greatly expanded in the United States around 1905. One phenomenon was the proliferation of nickelodeon theaters, converted storefronts in instrial cities that charged 5 cents for admission and attracted working-class audiences. Demand from these theaters increased the volume of film proction and the profits for procers, but it also brought forth criticism from reformers concerning unsanitary or unsafe conditions in theaters and immoral subject matter in films. In 1908 Edison took the lead in establishing the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), a consortium of procers with common goals: controlling proction and distribution so as to eliminate cheap theaters, raising admission prices, cooperating with censorship bodies, and preventing film stock from getting into the hands of nonmember procers. However, the independent procers excluded from the MPPC continued to obtain materials and make the most popular films. They also led the way toward multireel, feature-length films. By 1915 the MPPC was under attack by the U.S. government as an illegal monopoly (although an ineffectual one), and the independents were combining into the companies that would dominate American filmmaking for decades to come.
IV SILENT MOVIES
With a few experimental exceptions, motion pictures from their earliest days until the late 1920s lacked synchronous sound (sound that matches the action). But silent movies were rarely silent. Early films almost always were projected with piano or organ accompaniment, and sometimes also with a narrator or live actors behind the screen. As feature-length films (four reels, with a running time of 40 to 50 minutes or more) became the norm in the 1910s, live orchestras began to play in larger theaters, frequently using music written specifically for the film.
Until World War I (1914-1918) European filmmakers dominated the world film market. France was considered the leading film-procing country, though Italy, Denmark, and other countries also played a significant role. However, the war, fought on European soil, disrupted commercial filmmaking there. With a sudden drop in European film exports, some regions, such as Latin America, experienced a brief surge in film proction. But U.S. companies soon took over markets overseas, using the same tactics of high-volume proction and lower prices that the Europeans had. By the 1920s some three-quarters of films screened around the world came from the United States.
A American Silent Movies
Even before the war, the United States had made its mark on the world filmmaking scene with epics and comedies. Moreover, U.S. moviemakers had begun to congregate in southern California in the Los Angeles suburb of Hollywood (see The Move to Hollywood, below), creating a film community apart from older urban centers of politics and the arts, and a magical new symbol for popular entertainment and glamour.
A1 D. W. Griffith
The work of D. W. Griffith exemplifies the transformation of motion pictures from the early days of one-reelers to an era of Hollywood』s worldwide dominance. Starting out as an actor in films directed by Edwin S. Porter, Griffith in 1908 became a director at the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in New York City. He was initially responsible for turning out two one-reel films a week, and between 1908 and 1913 he directed nearly 500 films. Amidst this breakneck schele, he and his co-workers developed many of the cinema』s basic storytelling conventions: moving the camera close to the action, using many separate shots, and editing the shots to cut back and forth among different actions. All these techniques served to shape a narrative, rather than present a spectacle as earlier films had tended to do. Griffith also nurtured performers such as Mary Pickford and Lillian Gish and emphasized an intimate, restrained style of acting suitable for camera close-ups.
Leaving Biograph in 1913 to make full-length features, Griffith planned a historical epic of the American Civil War (1861-1865). The Birth of a Nation (1915), three hours in length, stunned audiences with its dazzling spectacle of a still-recent event and established motion pictures as an art form for cultured spectators. Yet the film』s racist presumptions—specifically, its defense of white supremacy to protect racial purity—was controversial in its own time and remains repugnant decades later. Griffith made another epic, Intolerance (1916), which intertwined four stories about victims of prejudice, and continued to work as an independent filmmaker into the 1920s. Eventually, financial pressures forced him to become a director at a Hollywood studio, and he made his last film in 1931.
字數限制，沒辦法全發給你，如需要請留言。
㈨ 英文電影發展史
這個也太有難度了吧，非得專業人士不行啊，建議你還是直接娶你老師那邊索要得了，呵呵，大不了請吃頓飯完事！
㈩ 電影的歷史,用英語如何表達
the history of movie